processing4/core/PApplet.java

/* -*- mode: jde; c-basic-offset: 2; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*- */

/*
  Part of the Processing project - http://processing.org

  Copyright (c) 2004-05 Ben Fry and Casey Reas
  Copyright (c) 2001-04 Massachusetts Institute of Technology

  This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
  modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
  License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
  version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

  This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
  Lesser General Public License for more details.

  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General
  Public License along with this library; if not, write to the
  Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330,
  Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
*/

package processing.core;

import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.awt.image.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.lang.reflect.*;
import java.net.*;
import java.text.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.util.zip.*;


/**
 * Base class for all sketches that use processing.core.
 */
public class PApplet extends Applet
  implements PConstants, Runnable,
             MouseListener, MouseMotionListener, KeyListener, FocusListener
{
  /**
   * "1.3" or "1.1" or whatever (just the first three chars)
   */
  public static final String javaVersionName =
    System.getProperty("java.version").substring(0,3);

  /**
   * Version of Java that's in use, whether 1.1 or 1.3 or whatever,
   * stored as a float.
   * <P>
   * Note that because this is stored as a float, the values may
   * not be <EM>exactly</EM> 1.3 or 1.4. Instead, make sure you're
   * comparing against 1.3f or 1.4f, which will have the same amount
   * of error (i.e. 1.40000001). This could just be a double, but
   * since Processing only uses floats, it's safer to do this,
   * because there's no good way to specify a double with the preproc.
   */
  public static final float javaVersion =
    new Float(javaVersionName).floatValue();

  /**
   * Current platform in use, one of the
   * PConstants WINDOWS, MACOSX, MACOS9, LINUX or OTHER.
   */
  static public int platform;

  /**
   * Current platform in use.
   * <P>
   * Equivalent to System.getProperty("os.name"), just used internally.
   */
  static public String platformName =
    System.getProperty("os.name");

  static {
    // figure out which operating system
    // this has to be first, since editor needs to know

    if (platformName.toLowerCase().indexOf("mac") != -1) {
      // can only check this property if running on a mac
      // on a pc it throws a security exception and kills the applet
      // (but on the mac it does just fine)
      if (System.getProperty("mrj.version") != null) {  // running on a mac
        platform = (platformName.equals("Mac OS X")) ?
          MACOSX : MACOS9;
      }

    } else {
      String osname = System.getProperty("os.name");

      if (osname.indexOf("Windows") != -1) {
        platform = WINDOWS;

      } else if (osname.equals("Linux")) {  // true for the ibm vm
        platform = LINUX;

      } else {
        platform = OTHER;
      }
    }
  }


  /** The PGraphics renderer associated with this PApplet */
  public PGraphics g;

  protected Object glock = new Object(); // for sync

  /** The frame containing this applet (if any) */
  public Frame frame;

  /**
   * Message of the Exception thrown when size() is called the first time.
   * <P>
   * This is used internally so that setup() is forced to run twice
   * when the renderer is changed. Reason being that the
   */
  static final String NEW_RENDERER = "new renderer";

  /**
   * The screen size when the applet was started.
   * <P>
   * Access this via screen.width and screen.height. To make an applet
   * run at full screen, use size(screen.width, screen.height).
   * <P>
   * If you have multiple displays, this will be the size of the main
   * display. Running full screen across multiple displays isn't
   * particularly supported, and requires more monkeying with the values.
   * This probably can't/won't be fixed until/unless I get a dual head
   * system.
   * <P>
   * Note that this won't update if you change the resolution
   * of your screen once the the applet is running.
   */
  public Dimension screen =
    Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getScreenSize();

  /**
   * A leech graphics object that is echoing all events.
   */
  public PGraphics recorder;

  /**
   * Command line options passed in from main().
   * <P>
   * This does not include the arguments passed in to PApplet itself.
   */
  public String args[];

  /** Path to sketch folder */
  public String folder;

  /** When debugging headaches */
  static final boolean THREAD_DEBUG = false;

  static public final int DEFAULT_WIDTH = 100;
  static public final int DEFAULT_HEIGHT = 100;

  /**
   * Pixel buffer from this applet's PGraphics.
   * <P>
   * When used with OpenGL or Java2D, this value will
   * be null until loadPixels() has been called.
   */
  public int pixels[];

  /** width of this applet's associated PGraphics */
  public int width;

  /** height of this applet's associated PGraphics */
  public int height;

  /** current x position of the mouse */
  public int mouseX;

  /** current y position of the mouse */
  public int mouseY;

  /** previous x position of the mouse */
  public int pmouseX;

  /** previous y position of the mouse */
  public int pmouseY;

  /**
   * previous mouseX/Y for the draw loop, separated out because this is
   * separate from the pmouseX/Y when inside the mouse event handlers.
   */
  protected int dmouseX, dmouseY;

  /**
   * pmouseX/Y for the event handlers (mousePressed(), mouseDragged() etc)
   * these are different because mouse events are queued to the end of
   * draw, so the previous position has to be updated on each event,
   * as opposed to the pmouseX/Y that's used inside draw, which is expected
   * to be updated once per trip through draw().
   */
  protected int emouseX, emouseY;

  /**
   * Used to set pmouseX/Y to mouseX/Y the first time mouseX/Y are used,
   * otherwise pmouseX/Y are always zero, causing a nasty jump.
   * <P>
   * Just using (frameCount == 0) won't work since mouseXxxxx()
   * may not be called until a couple frames into things.
   */
  public boolean firstMouse;

  /**
   * Last mouse button pressed, one of LEFT, CENTER, or RIGHT.
   * <P>
   * If running on Mac OS, a ctrl-click will be interpreted as
   * the righthand mouse button (unlike Java, which reports it as
   * the left mouse).
   */
  public int mouseButton;

  public boolean mousePressed;
  public MouseEvent mouseEvent;

  /**
   * Last key pressed.
   * <P>
   * If it's a coded key, i.e. UP/DOWN/CTRL/SHIFT/ALT,
   * this will be set to CODED (0xffff or 65535).
   */
  public char key;

  /**
   * When "key" is set to CODED, this will contain a Java key code.
   * <P>
   * For the arrow keys, keyCode will be one of UP, DOWN, LEFT and RIGHT.
   * Also available are ALT, CONTROL and SHIFT. A full set of constants
   * can be obtained from java.awt.event.KeyEvent, from the VK_XXXX variables.
   */
  public int keyCode;

  /**
   * true if the mouse is currently pressed.
   */
  public boolean keyPressed;

  /**
   * the last KeyEvent object passed into a mouse function.
   */
  public KeyEvent keyEvent;

  /**
   * Gets set to true/false as the applet gains/loses focus.
   */
  public boolean focused = false;

  /**
   * true if the applet is online.
   * <P>
   * This can be used to test how the applet should behave
   * since online situations are different (no file writing, etc).
   */
  public boolean online = false;

  /**
   * Time in milliseconds when the applet was started.
   * <P>
   * Used by the millis() function.
   */
  long millisOffset;

  /**
   * The current value of frames per second.
   * <P>
   * The initial value will be 10 fps, and will be updated with each
   * frame thereafter. The value is not instantaneous (since that
   * wouldn't be very useful since it would jump around so much),
   * but is instead averaged (integrated) over several frames.
   * As such, this value won't be valid until after 5-10 frames.
   */
  public float framerate = 10;
  protected long framerateLastMillis = 0;

  // setting the frame rate
  protected long framerateLastDelayTime = 0;
  protected float framerateTarget = 0;

  protected boolean looping;

  /** flag set to true when a redraw is asked for by the user */
  protected boolean redraw;

  /**
   * How many frames have been displayed since the applet started.
   * <P>
   * This value is read-only <EM>do not</EM> attempt to set it,
   * otherwise bad things will happen.
   * <P>
   * Inside setup(), frameCount is 0.
   * For the first iteration of draw(), frameCount will equal 1.
   */
  public int frameCount;

  /**
   * true if this applet has had it.
   */
  public boolean finished;

  Thread thread;

  /**
   * Set to the an exception that occurs inside run() and is not
   * caught. <P> Used by PdeRuntime to determine what happened and
   * report back to the user.
   */
  public Exception exception;

  protected RegisteredMethods sizeMethods;
  protected RegisteredMethods preMethods, drawMethods, postMethods;
  protected RegisteredMethods mouseEventMethods, keyEventMethods;
  protected RegisteredMethods disposeMethods;

  // this text isn't seen unless PApplet is used on its
  // own and someone takes advantage of leechErr.. not likely
  static public final String LEECH_WAKEUP = "Error while running applet.";
  public PrintStream leechErr;

  // messages to send if attached as an external vm

  /**
   * Position of the upper-lefthand corner of the editor window
   * that launched this applet.
   */
  static public final String ARGS_EDITOR_LOCATION = "--editor-location";

  /**
   * Location for where to position the applet window on screen.
   * <P>
   * This is used by the editor to when saving the previous applet
   * location, or could be used by other classes to launch at a
   * specific position on-screen.
   */
  static public final String ARGS_EXTERNAL = "--external";

  static public final String ARGS_LOCATION = "--location";

  static public final String ARGS_DISPLAY = "--display";

  static public final String ARGS_PRESENT = "--present";

  static public final String ARGS_PRESENT_BGCOLOR = "--present-color";

  static public final String ARGS_PRESENT_STOP_COLOR = "--present-stop-color";

  /**
   * Allows the user or PdeEditor to set a specific sketch folder path.
   * <P>
   * Used by PdeEditor to pass in the location where saveFrame()
   * and all that stuff should write things.
   */
  static public final String ARGS_SKETCH_FOLDER = "--sketch-folder";

  /**
   * Message from parent editor (when run as external) to quit.
   */
  static public final char EXTERNAL_STOP = 's';

  /**
   * When run externally to a PdeEditor,
   * this is sent by the applet when it quits.
   */
  static public final String EXTERNAL_QUIT = "__QUIT__";

  /**
   * When run externally to a PdeEditor, this is sent by the applet
   * whenever the window is moved.
   * <P>
   * This is used so that the editor can re-open the sketch window
   * in the same position as the user last left it.
   */
  static public final String EXTERNAL_MOVE = "__MOVE__";


  public void init() {
    // send tab keys through to the PApplet
    try {
      if (javaVersion >= 1.4f) {
        //setFocusTraversalKeysEnabled(false);  // 1.4-only function
        Method defocus =
          Component.class.getMethod("setFocusTraversalKeysEnabled",
                                    new Class[] { Boolean.TYPE });
        defocus.invoke(this, new Object[] { Boolean.FALSE });
      }
    } catch (Exception e) { }  // oh well

    millisOffset = System.currentTimeMillis();

    finished = false; // just for clarity

    // this will be cleared by loop() if it is not overridden
    looping = true;
    redraw = true;  // draw this guy once
    firstMouse = true;

    // these need to be inited before setup
    sizeMethods = new RegisteredMethods();
    preMethods = new RegisteredMethods();
    drawMethods = new RegisteredMethods();
    postMethods = new RegisteredMethods();
    mouseEventMethods = new RegisteredMethods();
    keyEventMethods = new RegisteredMethods();
    disposeMethods = new RegisteredMethods();

    // create a dummy graphics context
    size(DEFAULT_WIDTH, DEFAULT_HEIGHT);
    //size(INITIAL_WIDTH, INITIAL_HEIGHT);
    width = 0;  // use this to flag whether the width/height are valid
    height = 0;

    try {
      getAppletContext();
      online = true;
    } catch (NullPointerException e) {
      online = false;
    }

    start();
  }


  /**
   * Called via the first call to PApplet.paint(),
   * because PAppletGL needs to have a usable screen
   * before getting things rolling.
   */
  public void start() {
    if (thread != null) return;

    thread = new Thread(this);
    thread.start();
  }


  // maybe start should also be used as the method for kicking
  // the thread on, instead of doing it inside paint()
  public void stop() {
    //finished = true;  // why did i comment this out?

    //System.out.println("stopping applet");

    // don't run stop and disposers twice
    if (thread == null) return;
    thread = null;

    disposeMethods.handle();
  }


  /**
   * This also calls stop(), in case there was an inadvertent
   * override of the stop() function by a user.
   *
   * destroy() supposedly gets called as the applet viewer
   * is shutting down the applet. stop() is called
   * first, and then destroy() to really get rid of things.
   * no guarantees on when they're run (on browser quit, or
   * when moving between pages), though.
   */
  public void destroy() {
    stop();
  }


  public Dimension getPreferredSize() {
    return new Dimension(width, height);
  }


  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////


  public class RegisteredMethods {
    int count;
    Object objects[];
    Method methods[];


    // convenience version for no args
    public void handle() {
      handle(new Object[] { });
    }

    public void handle(Object args[]) {
      for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
        try {
          //System.out.println(objects[i] + " " + args);
          methods[i].invoke(objects[i], args);
        } catch (Exception e) {
          e.printStackTrace();
        }
      }
    }

    public void add(Object object, Method method) {
      if (objects == null) {
        objects = new Object[5];
        methods = new Method[5];
      }
      if (count == objects.length) {
        Object otemp[] = new Object[count << 1];
        System.arraycopy(objects, 0, otemp, 0, count);
        objects = otemp;
        Method mtemp[] = new Method[count << 1];
        System.arraycopy(methods, 0, mtemp, 0, count);
        methods = mtemp;
      }
      objects[count] = object;
      methods[count] = method;
      count++;
    }
  }


  public void registerSize(Object o) {
    Class methodArgs[] = new Class[] { Integer.TYPE, Integer.TYPE };
    registerWithArgs(preMethods, "size", o, methodArgs);
  }

  public void registerPre(Object o) {
    registerNoArgs(preMethods, "pre", o);
  }

  public void registerDraw(Object o) {
    registerNoArgs(drawMethods, "draw", o);
  }

  public void registerPost(Object o) {
    registerNoArgs(postMethods, "post", o);
  }

  public void registerMouseEvent(Object o) {
    Class methodArgs[] = new Class[] { MouseEvent.class };
    registerWithArgs(mouseEventMethods, "mouseEvent", o, methodArgs);
  }


  public void registerKeyEvent(Object o) {
    Class methodArgs[] = new Class[] { KeyEvent.class };
    registerWithArgs(keyEventMethods, "keyEvent", o, methodArgs);
  }

  public void registerDispose(Object o) {
    registerNoArgs(disposeMethods, "dispose", o);
  }


  protected void registerNoArgs(RegisteredMethods meth,
                                String name, Object o) {
    Class c = o.getClass();
    try {
      Method method = c.getMethod(name, new Class[] {});
      meth.add(o, method);

    } catch (Exception e) {
      die("Could not register " + name + " + () for " + o, e);
    }
  }


  protected void registerWithArgs(RegisteredMethods meth,
                                  String name, Object o, Class args[]) {
    Class c = o.getClass();
    try {
      Method method = c.getMethod(name, args);
      meth.add(o, method);

    } catch (Exception e) {
      die("Could not register " + name + " + () for " + o, e);
    }
  }


  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////


  public void setup() {
  }


  public void draw() {
    // if no draw method, then shut things down
    //System.out.println("no draw method, goodbye");
    finished = true;
  }


  public void redraw() {
    if (!looping) {
      redraw = true;
      if (thread != null) {
        // wake from sleep (necessary otherwise it'll be
        // up to 10 seconds before update)
        thread.interrupt();
      }
    }
  }


  public void loop() {
    if (!looping) {
      looping = true;
      if (thread != null) {
        // wake from sleep (necessary otherwise it'll be
        // up to 10 seconds before update)
        thread.interrupt();
      }
    }
  }


  public void noLoop() {
    if (looping) {
      looping = false;

      // reset framerate delay times
      framerateLastDelayTime = 0;
      framerateLastMillis = 0;

      if (thread != null) {
        thread.interrupt();  // wake from sleep
      }
    }
  }


  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////


  /**
   * Starts up and creates a two-dimensional drawing surface.
   * <P>
   * To ensure no strangeness, this should be the first thing
   * called inside of setup().
   * <P>
   * If using Java 1.3 or later, this will default to using
   * PGraphics2, the Java2D-based renderer. If using Java 1.1,
   * or if PGraphics2 is not available, then PGraphics will be used.
   * To set your own renderer, use the other version of the size()
   * method that takes a renderer as its last parameter.
   * <P>
   * If called once a renderer has already been set, this will
   * use the previous renderer and simply resize it.
   */
  public void size(int iwidth, int iheight) {
    if (g != null) {
      // just resize the current renderer
      size(iwidth, iheight, g.getClass().getName());

    } else {
      if (PApplet.javaVersion >= 1.3f) {
        try {
          Class c = Class.forName(JAVA2D);
          size(iwidth, iheight, JAVA2D);
          return;

        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) { }
        size(iwidth, iheight, P2D);  // fall-through case
      }
    }
  }


  /**
   * Creates a new PGraphics object and sets it to the specified size.
   * <P>
   * Note that you cannot change the renderer once outside of setup().
   * You can call size() to give it a new size, but you need to always
   * ask for the same renderer, otherwise you're gonna run into trouble.
   * <P>
   * Also note that this calls defaults(), which will reset any
   * settings for colorMode or lights or whatever.
   */
  public void size(int iwidth, int iheight, String renderer) {
    String currentRenderer = (g == null) ? null : g.getClass().getName();

    if (currentRenderer != null) {
      if (currentRenderer.equals(renderer)) {
        if ((iwidth == g.width) && (iheight == g.height)) {
          // all set, the renderer was queued up last time
          // before throwing the exception
          //System.out.println("ignoring additional size()");
          // but this time set the defaults
          //g.defaults();
          //System.out.println("defaults set");
          g.defaults();
          return;
        }
      } else {
        if (frameCount > 0) {
          throw new RuntimeException("size() cannot be called to change " +
                                     "the renderer outside of setup()");
        }
      }
    }

    String openglError =
      "Before using OpenGL, you must first select " +
      "Import Library > opengl from the Sketch menu.";

    try {
      //if (renderer.equals(OPENGL)) {
      //g = new processing.opengl.PGraphicsGL(iwidth, iheight, this);
      //} else {

      Class rendererClass = Class.forName(renderer);
      Class constructorParams[] =
        new Class[] { Integer.TYPE,
                      Integer.TYPE,
                      PApplet.class };
      Constructor constructor =
        rendererClass.getConstructor(constructorParams);
      Object constructorValues[] =
        new Object[] { new Integer(iwidth),
                       new Integer(iheight),
                       this };
      // create the actual PGraphics object for rendering
      //System.out.println("creating new PGraphics " + constructor);
      g = (PGraphics)
        constructor.newInstance(constructorValues);

      this.width = iwidth;
      this.height = iheight;
      // can't do this here because of gl
      //g.defaults();

      //width = g.width;
      //height = g.height;
      //pixels = g.pixels;  // this may be null

      // make the applet itself larger
      setSize(width, height);

      // probably needs to mess with the parent frame here?
      // TODO wait for a "legitimate size" flag to be set
      // (meaning that setup has finished properly)
      // at which time the parent frame will do its thing.

    } catch (InvocationTargetException ite) {
      String msg = ite.getTargetException().getMessage();
      if ((msg != null) &&
          (msg.indexOf("no jogl in java.library.path") != -1)) {
        throw new RuntimeException(openglError);
      } else {
        ite.getTargetException().printStackTrace();
      }

    } catch (ClassNotFoundException cnfe) {
      if (cnfe.getMessage().indexOf("processing.opengl.PGraphicsGL") != -1) {
        throw new RuntimeException(openglError);
      } else {
        throw new RuntimeException("You need to use \"Import Library\" " +
                                   "to add " + renderer +
                                   " to your sketch.");
      }

    } catch (Exception e) {
      e.printStackTrace();
      die("Could not start because of a problem with size()", e);
    }

    if ((currentRenderer != null) &&
        !currentRenderer.equals(renderer)) {
        // throw an exception so that setup() is called again
        // but with a properly sized render
        // this is for opengl, which needs a valid, properly sized
        // display before calling anything inside setup().
      throw new RuntimeException(NEW_RENDERER);
    }

    // if the default renderer is just being resized,
    // restore it to its default values
    g.defaults();

    /*
    if (g == null) return;
    g.resize(iwidth, iheight);

    this.pixels = g.pixels;
    this.width = g.width;
    this.height = g.height;

    if (frame != null) {
      Insets insets = frame.getInsets();

      // msft windows has a limited minimum size for frames
      int minW = 120;
      int minH = 120;
      int winW = Math.max(width, minW) + insets.left + insets.right;
      int winH = Math.max(height, minH) + insets.top + insets.bottom;
      frame.setSize(winW, winH);

      setBounds((winW - width)/2,
                insets.top + ((winH - insets.top - insets.bottom) - height)/2,
                winW, winH);
    //} else {
      //System.out.println("frame was null");
      //setBounds(0, 0, width, height);
    }
    */

    Object methodArgs[] =
      new Object[] { new Integer(width), new Integer(height) };
    sizeMethods.handle(methodArgs);
  }


  public void update(Graphics screen) {
    //System.out.println("PApplet.update()");
    if (THREAD_DEBUG) println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
                              "    4 update() external");
    paint(screen);
  }

  public void paint(Graphics screen) {
    if (javaVersion < 1.3f) {
      screen.setColor(new Color(64, 64, 64));
      Dimension size = getSize();
      screen.fillRect(0, 0, size.width, size.height);
      screen.setColor(Color.white);
      screen.setFont(new Font("Dialog", Font.PLAIN, 9));
      screen.drawString("You need to install", 5, 15);
      screen.drawString("Java 1.3 or later", 5, 25);
      screen.drawString("to view this content.", 5, 35);
      screen.drawString("Click here to visit", 5, 50);
      screen.drawString("java.com and install.", 5, 60);
      return;
    }

    //System.out.println("PApplet.paint()");
    if (THREAD_DEBUG) println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
                              "     5a enter paint");

    // ignore the very first call to paint, since it's coming
    // from the o.s., and the applet will soon update itself anyway.
    //if (firstFrame) return;
    if (frameCount == 0) {
      // paint() may be called more than once before things
      // are finally painted to the screen and the thread gets going
      //System.out.println("not painting");
      /*
      if (thread == null) {
        initGraphics();
        start();
      }
      */
      return;
    }

    // without ignoring the first call, the first several frames
    // are confused because paint() gets called in the midst of
    // the initial nextFrame() call, so there are multiple
    // updates fighting with one another.

    // g.image is synchronized so that draw/loop and paint don't
    // try to fight over it. this was causing a randomized slowdown
    // that would cut the framerate into a third on macosx,
    // and is probably related to the windows sluggishness bug too
    if (THREAD_DEBUG) println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
                              "     5b enter paint sync");

    //synchronized (g) {
    synchronized (glock) {
      if (THREAD_DEBUG) println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
                                "     5c inside paint sync");
      //System.out.println("5b paint has sync");
      //Exception e = new Exception();
      //e.printStackTrace();

      // moving this into PGraphics caused weird sluggishness on win2k
      //g.mis.newPixels(pixels, g.cm, 0, width); // must call this

      // make sure the screen is visible and usable
      if ((g != null) && (g.image != null)) {
        screen.drawImage(g.image, 0, 0, null);
      }
      //if (THREAD_DEBUG) println("notifying all");
      //notifyAll();
      //thread.notify();
      //System.out.println("      6 exit paint");
    }
    if (THREAD_DEBUG) println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
                              "      6 exit paint");
    //updated = true;
  }


  public void run() {
    try {
      /*
      // first time around, call the applet's setup method
      setup();

      // these are the same things as get run inside a call to size()
      this.pixels = g.pixels;
      this.width = g.width;
      this.height = g.height;
      */

      while ((Thread.currentThread() == thread) && !finished) {
        //while ((thread != null) && !finished) {
        //while (!finished) {
        //updated = false;

        // render a single frame
        g.requestDisplay(this);

        // moving this to update() (for 0069+) for linux sync problems
        //if (firstFrame) firstFrame = false;

        // wait for update & paint to happen before drawing next frame
        // this is necessary since the drawing is sometimes in a
        // separate thread, meaning that the next frame will start
        // before the update/paint is completed
        //while (!updated) {
        try {
          if (THREAD_DEBUG) println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
                                      " " + looping + " " + redraw);
          //Thread.yield();
          // windows doesn't like 'yield', so have to sleep at least
          // for some small amount of time.
          if (THREAD_DEBUG) println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
                                    " gonna sleep");
          // can't remember when/why i changed that to '1'
          // (rather than 3 or 5, as has been traditional), but i
          // have a feeling that some platforms aren't gonna like that
          // if !looping, sleeps for a nice long time,
          // or until interrupted
          int nap = looping ? 1 : 10000;
          // don't nap after setup, because if noLoop() is called this
          // will make the first draw wait 10 seconds before showing up
          if (frameCount == 1) nap = 1;
          Thread.sleep(nap);
          if (THREAD_DEBUG) println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
                                    " outta sleep");
        } catch (InterruptedException e) { }
      }

    } catch (Exception e) {
      // formerly in kjcapplet, now just checks to see
      // if someone wants to leech off errors

      // note that this will not catch errors inside setup()
      // those are caught by the PdeRuntime

      //System.out.println("exception occurred (if you don't see a stack " +
      //                 "trace below this message, we've got a bug)");
      finished = true;
      exception = e;
      //e.printStackTrace(System.out);

      if (leechErr != null) {
        // if draw() mode, make sure that ui stops waiting
        // and the run button quits out
        leechErr.println(LEECH_WAKEUP);
        e.printStackTrace(leechErr);

      } else {
        System.err.println(LEECH_WAKEUP);
        e.printStackTrace();
      }
    }
    if (THREAD_DEBUG) println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
                              " thread finished");
    //System.out.println("exiting run " + finished);
    stop();  // call to shutdown libs?
  }


  public void display() {
    if (PApplet.THREAD_DEBUG) println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
                                      " formerly nextFrame()");
    if (looping || redraw) {
      /*
        if (frameCount == 0) {  // needed here for the sync
        //createGraphics();
        // set up a dummy graphics in case size() is never
        // called inside setup
        size(INITIAL_WIDTH, INITIAL_HEIGHT);
        }
      */

      // g may be rebuilt inside here, so turning of the sync
      //synchronized (g) {
      // use a different sync object
      synchronized (glock) {
        if (THREAD_DEBUG) println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
                                  " 1a beginFrame");
        g.beginFrame();
        if (THREAD_DEBUG) println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
                                  " 1b draw");

        if (frameCount == 0) {

          try {
            //System.out.println("attempting setup");
            //System.out.println("into try");
            setup();
            //g.defaults();

            //System.out.println("done attempting setup");
            //System.out.println("out of try");
            //g.postSetup();  // FIXME

          } catch (RuntimeException e) {
            //System.out.println("runtime extends " + e);
            //System.out.println("catching a cold " + e.getMessage());
            String msg = e.getMessage();
            if ((msg != null) &&
                (e.getMessage().indexOf(NEW_RENDERER) != -1)) {
              //System.out.println("got new renderer");
              return;
              //continue;  // will this work?

            } else {
              //e.printStackTrace(System.out);
              throw e;
            }
          }
          // if depth() is called inside setup, pixels/width/height
          // will be ok by the time it's back out again

          //this.pixels = g.pixels;  // make em call loadPixels
          // now for certain that we've got a valid size
          this.width = g.width;
          this.height = g.height;

        } else {
          // update the current framerate
          if (framerateLastMillis != 0) {
            float elapsed = (float)
              (System.currentTimeMillis() - framerateLastMillis);
            if (elapsed != 0) {
              framerate =
                (framerate * 0.9f) + ((1.0f / (elapsed / 1000.0f)) * 0.1f);
            }
          }
          framerateLastMillis = System.currentTimeMillis();

          if (framerateTarget != 0) {
            //System.out.println("delaying");
            if (framerateLastDelayTime == 0) {
              framerateLastDelayTime = System.currentTimeMillis();

            } else {
              long timeToLeave =
                framerateLastDelayTime + (long)(1000.0f / framerateTarget);
              int napTime =
                (int) (timeToLeave - System.currentTimeMillis());
              framerateLastDelayTime = timeToLeave;
              delay(napTime);
            }
          }

          preMethods.handle();

          pmouseX = dmouseX;
          pmouseY = dmouseY;

          draw();

          // dmouseX/Y is updated only once per frame
          dmouseX = mouseX;
          dmouseY = mouseY;

          // these are called *after* loop so that valid
          // drawing commands can be run inside them. it can't
          // be before, since a call to background() would wipe
          // out anything that had been drawn so far.
          dequeueMouseEvents();

          dequeueKeyEvents();
          if (THREAD_DEBUG) println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
                                    " 2b endFrame");

          drawMethods.handle();
          //for (int i = 0; i < libraryCount; i++) {
          //if (libraryCalls[i][PLibrary.DRAW]) libraries[i].draw();
          //}

          redraw = false;  // unset 'redraw' flag in case it was set
          // (only do this once draw() has run, not just setup())
        }

        g.endFrame();
        if (recorder != null) {
          recorder.endFrame();
          recorder = null;
        }

        //}  // older end sync

        //update();
        // formerly 'update'
        //if (firstFrame) firstFrame = false;
        // internal frame counter
        frameCount++;
        if (THREAD_DEBUG) println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
                                  "   3a calling repaint() " + frameCount);
        repaint();
        if (THREAD_DEBUG) println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
                                  "   3b calling Toolkit.sync " + frameCount);
        getToolkit().sync();  // force repaint now (proper method)
        if (THREAD_DEBUG) println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
                                  "   3c done " + frameCount);
        //if (THREAD_DEBUG) println("   3d waiting");
        //wait();
        //if (THREAD_DEBUG) println("   3d out of wait");
        //frameCount++;

        postMethods.handle();
        //for (int i = 0; i < libraryCount; i++) {
        //if (libraryCalls[i][PLibrary.POST]) libraries[i].post();
        //}
      }  // end of synchronize
    }
  }


  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////


  protected boolean listenersAdded;

  public void addListeners() {
    if (!listenersAdded) {
      addMouseListener(this);
      addMouseMotionListener(this);
      addKeyListener(this);
      addFocusListener(this);
      listenersAdded = true;
    }
  }


  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////


  MouseEvent mouseEventQueue[] = new MouseEvent[10];
  int mouseEventCount;

  protected void enqueueMouseEvent(MouseEvent e) {
    synchronized (mouseEventQueue) {
      if (mouseEventCount == mouseEventQueue.length) {
        MouseEvent temp[] = new MouseEvent[mouseEventCount << 1];
        System.arraycopy(mouseEventQueue, 0, temp, 0, mouseEventCount);
        mouseEventQueue = temp;
      }
      mouseEventQueue[mouseEventCount++] = e;
    }
  }

  protected void dequeueMouseEvents() {
    synchronized (mouseEventQueue) {
      for (int i = 0; i < mouseEventCount; i++) {
        mouseEvent = mouseEventQueue[i];
        handleMouseEvent(mouseEvent);
      }
      mouseEventCount = 0;
    }
  }


  /**
   * Actually take action based on a mouse event.
   * Internally updates mouseX, mouseY, mousePressed, and mouseEvent.
   * Then it calls the event type with no params,
   * i.e. mousePressed() or mouseReleased() that the user may have
   * overloaded to do something more useful.
   */
  protected void handleMouseEvent(MouseEvent event) {
    pmouseX = emouseX;
    pmouseY = emouseY;

    mouseX = event.getX();
    mouseY = event.getY();
    mouseEvent = event;

    int button = event.getButton();
    if (button == 1) {
      mouseButton = LEFT;
    } else if (button == 2) {
      mouseButton = CENTER;
    } else if (button == 3) {
      mouseButton = RIGHT;
    }
    // if running on macos, allow ctrl-click as right mouse
    if ((platform == MACOSX) || (platform == MACOS9)) {
      if (mouseEvent.isPopupTrigger()) {
        mouseButton = RIGHT;
      }
    }

    mouseEventMethods.handle(new Object[] { event });
    /*
    for (int i = 0; i < libraryCount; i++) {
      if (libraryCalls[i][PLibrary.MOUSE]) {
        libraries[i].mouse(event);  // endNet/endSerial etc
      }
    }
    */

    // this used to only be called on mouseMoved and mouseDragged
    // change it back if people run into trouble
    if (firstMouse) {
      pmouseX = mouseX;
      pmouseY = mouseY;
      dmouseX = mouseX;
      dmouseY = mouseY;
      firstMouse = false;
    }

    switch (event.getID()) {
    case MouseEvent.MOUSE_PRESSED:
      mousePressed = true;
      mousePressed();
      break;
    case MouseEvent.MOUSE_RELEASED:
      mousePressed = false;
      mouseReleased();
      break;
    case MouseEvent.MOUSE_CLICKED:
      mouseClicked();
      break;
    case MouseEvent.MOUSE_DRAGGED:
      mouseDragged();
      break;
    case MouseEvent.MOUSE_MOVED:
      mouseMoved();
      break;
    }
    emouseX = mouseX;
    emouseY = mouseY;
  }


  /**
   * Figure out how to process a mouse event. When loop() has been
   * called, the events will be queued up until drawing is complete.
   * If noLoop() has been called, then events will happen immediately.
   */
  protected void checkMouseEvent(MouseEvent event) {
    if (looping) {
      enqueueMouseEvent(event);
    } else {
      handleMouseEvent(event);
    }
  }


  /**
   * If you override this or any function that takes a "MouseEvent e"
   * without calling its super.mouseXxxx() then mouseX, mouseY,
   * mousePressed, and mouseEvent will no longer be set.
   */
  public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e) {
    if (javaVersion < 1.3f) {
      link("http://java.com/");
    }
    checkMouseEvent(e);
  }

  public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e) {
    checkMouseEvent(e);
  }

  public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e) {
    checkMouseEvent(e);
  }

  public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent e) {
    checkMouseEvent(e);
  }

  public void mouseExited(MouseEvent e) {
    checkMouseEvent(e);
  }

  public void mouseDragged(MouseEvent e) {
    checkMouseEvent(e);
  }

  public void mouseMoved(MouseEvent e) {
    checkMouseEvent(e);
  }


  /**
   * Mouse has been pressed, and should be considered "down"
   * until mouseReleased() is called. If you must, use
   * int button = mouseEvent.getButton();
   * to figure out which button was clicked. It will be one of:
   * MouseEvent.BUTTON1, MouseEvent.BUTTON2, MouseEvent.BUTTON3
   * Note, however, that this is completely inconsistent across
   * platforms.
   */
  public void mousePressed() { }

  /**
   * Mouse button has been released.
   */
  public void mouseReleased() { }

  /**
   * When the mouse is clicked, mousePressed() will be called,
   * then mouseReleased(), then mouseClicked(). Note that
   * mousePressed is already false inside of mouseClicked().
   */
  public void mouseClicked() { }

  /**
   * Mouse button is pressed and the mouse has been dragged.
   */
  public void mouseDragged() { }

  /**
   * Mouse button is not pressed but the mouse has changed locations.
   */
  public void mouseMoved() { }


  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////


  KeyEvent keyEventQueue[] = new KeyEvent[10];
  int keyEventCount;

  protected void enqueueKeyEvent(KeyEvent e) {
    synchronized (keyEventQueue) {
      if (keyEventCount == keyEventQueue.length) {
        KeyEvent temp[] = new KeyEvent[keyEventCount << 1];
        System.arraycopy(keyEventQueue, 0, temp, 0, keyEventCount);
        keyEventQueue = temp;
      }
      keyEventQueue[keyEventCount++] = e;
    }
  }

  protected void dequeueKeyEvents() {
    synchronized (keyEventQueue) {
      for (int i = 0; i < keyEventCount; i++) {
        keyEvent = keyEventQueue[i];
        handleKeyEvent(keyEvent);
      }
      keyEventCount = 0;
    }
  }


  protected void handleKeyEvent(KeyEvent event) {
    keyEvent = event;
    key = event.getKeyChar();
    keyCode = event.getKeyCode();

    keyEventMethods.handle(new Object[] { event });
    /*
    for (int i = 0; i < libraryCount; i++) {
      if (libraryCalls[i][PLibrary.KEY]) {
        libraries[i].key(event);  // endNet/endSerial etc
      }
    }
    */

    switch (event.getID()) {
    case KeyEvent.KEY_PRESSED:
      keyPressed = true;
      keyPressed();
      break;
    case KeyEvent.KEY_RELEASED:
      keyPressed = false;
      keyReleased();
      break;
    case KeyEvent.KEY_TYPED:
      keyTyped();
      break;
    }
  }


  protected void checkKeyEvent(KeyEvent event) {
    if (looping) {
      enqueueKeyEvent(event);
    } else {
      handleKeyEvent(event);
    }
  }


  /**
   * Overriding keyXxxxx(KeyEvent e) functions will cause the 'key',
   * 'keyCode', and 'keyEvent' variables to no longer work;
   * key events will no longer be queued until the end of draw();
   * and the keyPressed(), keyReleased() and keyTyped() methods
   * will no longer be called.
   */
  public void keyPressed(KeyEvent e) { checkKeyEvent(e); }
  public void keyReleased(KeyEvent e) { checkKeyEvent(e); }
  public void keyTyped(KeyEvent e) { checkKeyEvent(e); }


  /**
   * Called each time a single key on the keyboard is pressed.
   * <P>
   * Examples for key handling:
   * (Tested on Windows XP, please notify if different on other
   * platforms, I have a feeling Mac OS and Linux may do otherwise)
   * <PRE>
   * 1. Pressing 'a' on the keyboard:
   *    keyPressed  with key == 'a' and keyCode == 'A'
   *    keyTyped    with key == 'a' and keyCode ==  0
   *    keyReleased with key == 'a' and keyCode == 'A'
   *
   * 2. Pressing 'A' on the keyboard:
   *    keyPressed  with key == 'A' and keyCode == 'A'
   *    keyTyped    with key == 'A' and keyCode ==  0
   *    keyReleased with key == 'A' and keyCode == 'A'
   *
   * 3. Pressing 'shift', then 'a' on the keyboard (caps lock is off):
   *    keyPressed  with key == CODED and keyCode == SHIFT
   *    keyPressed  with key == 'A'   and keyCode == 'A'
   *    keyTyped    with key == 'A'   and keyCode == 0
   *    keyReleased with key == 'A'   and keyCode == 'A'
   *    keyReleased with key == CODED and keyCode == SHIFT
   *
   * 4. Holding down the 'a' key.
   *    The following will happen several times,
   *    depending on your machine's "key repeat rate" settings:
   *    keyPressed  with key == 'a' and keyCode == 'A'
   *    keyTyped    with key == 'a' and keyCode ==  0
   *    When you finally let go, you'll get:
   *    keyReleased with key == 'a' and keyCode == 'A'
   *
   * 5. Pressing and releasing the 'shift' key
   *    keyPressed  with key == CODED and keyCode == SHIFT
   *    keyReleased with key == CODED and keyCode == SHIFT
   *    (note there is no keyTyped)
   *
   * 6. Pressing the tab key in an applet with Java 1.4 will
   *    normally do nothing, but PApplet dynamically shuts
   *    this behavior off if Java 1.4 is in use (tested 1.4.2_05 Windows).
   *    Java 1.1 (Microsoft VM) passes the TAB key through normally.
   *    Not tested on other platforms or for 1.3.
   * </PRE>
   */
  public void keyPressed() { }


  /**
   * See keyPressed().
   */
  public void keyReleased() { }


  /**
   * Only called for "regular" keys like letters,
   * see keyPressed() for full documentation.
   */
  public void keyTyped() { }


  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

  // i am focused man, and i'm not afraid of death.
  // and i'm going all out. i circle the vultures in a van
  // and i run the block.


  public void focusGained() { }

  public void focusGained(FocusEvent e) {
    focused = true;
    focusGained();
  }


  public void focusLost() { }

  public void focusLost(FocusEvent e) {
    focused = false;
    focusLost();
  }


  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

  // getting the time


  /**
   * Get the number of milliseconds since the applet started.
   * <P>
   * This is a function, rather than a variable, because it may
   * change multiple times per frame.
   */
  public int millis() {
    return (int) (System.currentTimeMillis() - millisOffset);
  }

  /** Seconds position of the current time. */
  static public int second() {
    return Calendar.getInstance().get(Calendar.SECOND);
  }

  /** Minutes position of the current time. */
  static public int minute() {
    return Calendar.getInstance().get(Calendar.MINUTE);
  }

  /**
   * Hour position of the current time in international format (0-23).
   * <P>
   * To convert this value to American time: <BR>
   * <PRE>int yankeeHour = (hour() % 12);
   * if (yankeeHour == 0) yankeeHour = 12;</PRE>
   */
  static public int hour() {
    return Calendar.getInstance().get(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY);
  }

  /**
   * Get the current day of the month (1 through 31).
   * <P>
   * If you're looking for the day of the week (M-F or whatever)
   * or day of the year (1..365) then use java's Calendar.get()
   */
  static public int day() {
    return Calendar.getInstance().get(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH);
  }

  /**
   * Get the current month in range 1 through 12.
   */
  static public int month() {
    // months are number 0..11 so change to colloquial 1..12
    return Calendar.getInstance().get(Calendar.MONTH) + 1;
  }

  /**
   * Get the current year.
   */
  static public int year() {
    return Calendar.getInstance().get(Calendar.YEAR);
  }


  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

  // controlling time and playing god


  /**
   * I'm not sure if this is even helpful anymore.
   */
  public void delay(int napTime) {
    if (frameCount == 0) return;
    if (napTime > 0) {
      try {
        Thread.sleep(napTime);
      } catch (InterruptedException e) { }
    }
  }


  /**
   * Set a target framerate. This will cause delay() to be called
   * after each frame to allow for a specific rate to be set.
   */
  public void framerate(float framerateTarget) {
    this.framerateTarget = framerateTarget;
  }


  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////


  /**
   * Get a param from the web page, or (eventually)
   * from a properties file.
   */
  public String param(String what) {
    if (online) {
      return getParameter(what);

    } else {
      System.err.println("param() only works inside a web browser");
    }
    return null;
  }


  /**
   * Show status in the status bar of a web browser, or in the
   * System.out console. Eventually this might show status in the
   * p5 environment itself, rather than relying on the console.
   */
  public void status(String what) {
    if (online) {
      showStatus(what);

    } else {
      System.out.println(what);  // something more interesting?
    }
  }


  public void link(String here) {
    link(here, null);
  }


  /**
   * Link to an external page without all the muss.
   * <P>
   * When run with an applet, uses the browser to open the url,
   * for applications, attempts to launch a browser with the url.
   * <P>
   * Works on Mac OS X and Windows. For Linux, use:
   * <PRE>open(new String[] { "firefox", url });</PRE>
   * or whatever you want as your browser, since Linux doesn't
   * yet have a standard method for launching URLs.
   */
  public void link(String url, String frame) {
    if (online) {
      try {
        if (frame == null) {
          getAppletContext().showDocument(new URL(url));
        } else {
          getAppletContext().showDocument(new URL(url), frame);
        }
      } catch (Exception e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
        throw new RuntimeException("Could not open " + url);
      }
    } else {
      try {
        if (platform == WINDOWS) {
          // the following uses a shell execute to launch the .html file
          // note that under cygwin, the .html files have to be chmodded +x
          // after they're unpacked from the zip file. i don't know why,
          // and don't understand what this does in terms of windows
          // permissions. without the chmod, the command prompt says
          // "Access is denied" in both cygwin and the "dos" prompt.
          //Runtime.getRuntime().exec("cmd /c " + currentDir + "\\reference\\" +
          //                    referenceFile + ".html");

          // open dos prompt, give it 'start' command, which will
          // open the url properly. start by itself won't work since
          // it appears to need cmd
          Runtime.getRuntime().exec("cmd /c start " + url);

        } else if ((platform == MACOSX) || (platform == MACOS9)) {
          //com.apple.mrj.MRJFileUtils.openURL(url);
          try {
            Class mrjFileUtils = Class.forName("com.apple.mrj.MRJFileUtils");
            Method openMethod =
              mrjFileUtils.getMethod("openURL", new Class[] { String.class });
            openMethod.invoke(null, new Object[] { url });
          } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
          }
        } else {
          throw new RuntimeException("Can't open URLs for this platform");
        }
      } catch (IOException e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
        throw new RuntimeException("Could not open " + url);
      }
    }
  }


  /**
   * Attempt to open a file using the platform's shell.
   */
  public void open(String filename) {
    if (platform == WINDOWS) {
      // just launching the .html file via the shell works
      // but make sure to chmod +x the .html files first
      // also place quotes around it in case there's a space
      // in the user.dir part of the url
      try {
        Runtime.getRuntime().exec("cmd /c \"" + filename + "\"");
      } catch (IOException e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
        throw new RuntimeException("Could not open " + filename);
      }

    } else if ((platform == MACOSX) || (platform == MACOS9)) {
      // prepend file:// on this guy since it's a file
      String url = "file://" + filename;

      // replace spaces with %20 for the file url
      // otherwise the mac doesn't like to open it
      // can't just use URLEncoder, since that makes slashes into
      // %2F characters, which is no good. some might say "useless"
      if (url.indexOf(' ') != -1) {
        StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
        char c[] = url.toCharArray();
        for (int i = 0; i < c.length; i++) {
          if (c[i] == ' ') {
            sb.append("%20");
          } else {
            sb.append(c[i]);
          }
        }
        url = sb.toString();
      }
      link(url);

    } else {
      open(new String[] { filename });
    }
  }


  /**
   * Launch a process using a platforms shell, and an array of
   * args passed on the command line.
   */
  public Process open(String args[]) {
    try {
      return Runtime.getRuntime().exec(args);
    } catch (Exception e) {
      e.printStackTrace();
      throw new RuntimeException("Could not open " + join(args, ' '));
    }
  }




  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////


  /**
   * Function for an applet/application to kill itself and
   * display an error. Mostly this is here to be improved later.
   */
  public void die(String what) {
    stop();
    throw new RuntimeException(what);
    /*
    if (online) {
      System.err.println("i'm dead.. " + what);

    } else {
      System.err.println(what);
      System.exit(1);
    }
    */
  }


  /**
   * Same as above but with an exception. Also needs work.
   */
  public void die(String what, Exception e) {
    if (e != null) e.printStackTrace();
    die(what);
  }


  /**
   * Explicitly exit the applet. Inserted as a call for static
   * mode apps, but is generally necessary because apps no longer
   * have draw/loop separation.
   */
  public void exit() {
    stop();
    // TODO if not running as an applet, do a System.exit() here
  }


  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

  // SCREEN GRABASS


  /**
   * This version of save() is an override of PImage.save(),
   * rather than calling g.save(). This version properly saves
   * the image to the applet folder (whereas save doesn't know
   * where to put things)
   */
  public void save(String filename) {
    g.save(savePath(filename));
  }


  /**
   * Grab an image of what's currently in the drawing area and save it
   * as a .tif or .tga file.
   * <P>
   * Best used just before endFrame() at the end of your loop().
   * This can only create .tif or .tga images, so if neither extension
   * is specified it defaults to writing a tiff and adds a .tif suffix.
   */
  public void saveFrame() {
    if (online) {
      System.err.println("Can't use saveFrame() when running in a browser.");
      return;
    }

    //File file = new File(folder, "screen-" + nf(frame, 4) + ".tif");
    //save(savePath("screen-" + nf(frameCount, 4) + ".tif"));
    //save("screen-" + nf(frame, 4) + ".tif");
    save("screen-" + nf(frameCount, 4) + ".tif");
  }


  /**
   * Save the current frame as a .tif or .tga image.
   * <P>
   * The String passed in can contain a series of # signs
   * that will be replaced with the screengrab number.
   * <PRE>
   * i.e. saveFrame("blah-####.tif");
   *      // saves a numbered tiff image, replacing the
   *      // # signs with zeros and the frame number </PRE>
   */
  public void saveFrame(String what) {
    if (online) {
      System.err.println("Can't use saveFrame() when running in a browser.");
      return;
    }

    int first = what.indexOf('#');
    int last = what.lastIndexOf('#');

    if (first == -1) {
      save(what);

    } else {
      String prefix = what.substring(0, first);
      int count = last - first + 1;
      String suffix = what.substring(last + 1);

      //File file = new File(folder, prefix + nf(frame, count) + suffix);
      // in case the user tries to make subdirs with the filename
      //new File(file.getParent()).mkdirs();
      //save(file.getAbsolutePath());
      save(savePath(prefix + nf(frameCount, count) + suffix));
    }
  }



  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

  // CURSOR

  // based on code contributed by amit pitaru and jonathan feinberg


  int cursor_type = ARROW; // cursor type
  boolean cursor_visible = true; // cursor visibility flag
  PImage invisible_cursor;


  /**
   * Set the cursor type
   */
  public void cursor(int _cursor_type) {
    //if (cursor_visible && _cursor_type != cursor_type) {
    setCursor(Cursor.getPredefinedCursor(_cursor_type));
    //}
    cursor_visible = true;
    cursor_type = _cursor_type;
  }


  /**
   * Set a custom cursor to an image with a specific hotspot.
   * Only works with JDK 1.2 and later.
   * Currently seems to be broken on Java 1.4 for Mac OS X
   */
  public void cursor(PImage image, int hotspotX, int hotspotY) {
    //if (!isOneTwoOrBetter()) {
    if (javaVersion < 1.2f) {
      System.err.println("Java 1.2 or higher is required to use cursor()");
      System.err.println("(You're using version " + javaVersionName + ")");
      return;
    }

    // don't set this as cursor type, instead use cursor_type
    // to save the last cursor used in case cursor() is called
    //cursor_type = Cursor.CUSTOM_CURSOR;
    Image jimage =
      createImage(new MemoryImageSource(image.width, image.height,
                                        image.pixels, 0, image.width));

    //Toolkit tk = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit();
    Point hotspot = new Point(hotspotX, hotspotY);
    try {
      Method mCustomCursor =
        Toolkit.class.getMethod("createCustomCursor",
                                new Class[] { Image.class,
                                              Point.class,
                                              String.class, });
      Cursor cursor =
        (Cursor)mCustomCursor.invoke(Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit(),
                                     new Object[] { jimage,
                                                    hotspot,
                                                    "no cursor" });
      setCursor(cursor);
      cursor_visible = true;

    } catch (NoSuchMethodError e) {
      System.err.println("cursor() is not available on " +
                         nf(javaVersion, 1, 1));
    } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
      System.err.println("cursor() error: the hotspot " + hotspot +
                         " is out of bounds for the given image.");
    } catch (Exception e) {
      System.err.println(e);
    }
  }


  /**
   * Show the cursor after noCursor() was called.
   * Notice that the program remembers the last set cursor type
   */
  public void cursor() {
    // maybe should always set here? seems dangerous, since
    // it's likely that java will set the cursor to something
    // else on its own, and the applet will be stuck b/c bagel
    // thinks that the cursor is set to one particular thing
    if (!cursor_visible) {
      cursor_visible = true;
      setCursor(Cursor.getPredefinedCursor(cursor_type));
    }
  }


  /**
   * Hide the cursor by creating a transparent image
   * and using it as a custom cursor.
   */
  public void noCursor() {
    if (!cursor_visible) return;  // don't hide if already hidden.

    if (invisible_cursor == null) {
      //invisible_cursor = new PImage(new int[32*32], 32, 32, RGBA);
      invisible_cursor = new PImage(new int[16*16], 16, 16, ARGB);
    }
    // was formerly 16x16, but the 0x0 was added by jdf as a fix
    // for macosx, which didn't wasn't honoring the invisible cursor
    cursor(invisible_cursor, 0, 0);
    cursor_visible = false;
  }


  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////


  static public void print(byte what) {
    System.out.print(what);
    System.out.flush();
  }

  static public void print(boolean what) {
    System.out.print(what);
    System.out.flush();
  }

  static public void print(char what) {
    System.out.print(what);
    System.out.flush();
  }

  static public void print(int what) {
    System.out.print(what);
    System.out.flush();
  }

  static public void print(float what) {
    System.out.print(what);
    System.out.flush();
  }

  static public void print(double what) {
    System.out.print(what);
    System.out.flush();
  }

  static public void print(String what) {
    System.out.print(what);
    System.out.flush();
  }

  static public void print(Object what) {
    if (what == null) {
      // special case since this does fuggly things on > 1.1
      System.out.print("null");

    } else {
      String name = what.getClass().getName();
      if (name.charAt(0) == '[') {
        switch (name.charAt(1)) {
        case '[':
          // don't even mess with multi-dimensional arrays (case '[')
          // or anything else that's not int, float, boolean, char
          System.out.print(what);
          System.out.print(' ');
          break;

        case 'L':
          // print a 1D array of objects as individual elements
          Object poo[] = (Object[]) what;
          for (int i = 0; i < poo.length; i++) {
            System.out.print(poo[i]);
            System.out.print(' ');
          }
          break;

        case 'Z':  // boolean
          boolean zz[] = (boolean[]) what;
          for (int i = 0; i < zz.length; i++) {
            System.out.print(zz[i]);
            System.out.print(' ');
          }
          break;

        case 'B':  // byte
          byte bb[] = (byte[]) what;
          for (int i = 0; i < bb.length; i++) {
            System.out.print(bb[i]);
            System.out.print(' ');
          }
          break;

        case 'C':  // char
          char cc[] = (char[]) what;
          for (int i = 0; i < cc.length; i++) {
            System.out.print(cc[i]);
            System.out.print(' ');
          }
          break;

        case 'I':  // int
          int ii[] = (int[]) what;
          for (int i = 0; i < ii.length; i++) {
            System.out.print(ii[i]);
            System.out.print(' ');
          }
          break;

        case 'F':  // float
          float ff[] = (float[]) what;
          for (int i = 0; i < ff.length; i++) {
            System.out.print(ff[i]);
            System.out.print(' ');
          }
          break;

        case 'D':  // double
          double dd[] = (double[]) what;
          for (int i = 0; i < dd.length; i++) {
            System.out.print(dd[i]);
            System.out.print(' ');
          }
          break;

        default:
          System.out.print(what);
        }
      } else {
        System.out.print(what); //.toString());
      }
    }
  }

  //

  static public void println() {
    System.out.println();
  }

  //

  static public void println(byte what) {
    print(what); System.out.println();
  }

  static public void println(boolean what) {
    print(what); System.out.println();
  }

  static public void println(char what) {
    print(what); System.out.println();
  }

  static public void println(int what) {
    print(what); System.out.println();
  }

  static public void println(float what) {
    print(what); System.out.println();
  }

  static public void println(double what) {
    print(what); System.out.println();
  }

  static public void println(String what) {
    print(what); System.out.println();
  }

  static public void println(Object what) {
    if (what == null) {
      // special case since this does fuggly things on > 1.1
      System.out.println("null");

    } else {
      String name = what.getClass().getName();
      if (name.charAt(0) == '[') {
        switch (name.charAt(1)) {
        case '[':
          // don't even mess with multi-dimensional arrays (case '[')
          // or anything else that's not int, float, boolean, char
          System.out.println(what);
          break;

        case 'L':
          // print a 1D array of objects as individual elements
          Object poo[] = (Object[]) what;
          for (int i = 0; i < poo.length; i++) {
            System.out.println(poo[i]);
          }
          break;

        case 'Z':  // boolean
          boolean zz[] = (boolean[]) what;
          for (int i = 0; i < zz.length; i++) {
            System.out.println(zz[i]);
          }
          break;

        case 'B':  // byte
          byte bb[] = (byte[]) what;
          for (int i = 0; i < bb.length; i++) {
            System.out.println(bb[i]);
          }
          break;

        case 'C':  // char
          char cc[] = (char[]) what;
          for (int i = 0; i < cc.length; i++) {
            System.out.println(cc[i]);
          }
          break;

        case 'I':  // int
          int ii[] = (int[]) what;
          for (int i = 0; i < ii.length; i++) {
            System.out.println(ii[i]);
          }
          break;

        case 'F':  // float
          float ff[] = (float[]) what;
          for (int i = 0; i < ff.length; i++) {
            System.out.println(ff[i]);
          }
          break;

        case 'D':  // double
          double dd[] = (double[]) what;
          for (int i = 0; i < dd.length; i++) {
            System.out.println(dd[i]);
          }
          break;

        default:
          System.out.println(what);
        }
      } else {
        System.out.println(what); //.toString());
      }
    }
  }

  //

  /*
  static public void printarr(byte what[]) {
    for (int i = 0; i < what.length; i++) System.out.println(what[i]);
    System.out.flush();
  }

  static public void printarr(boolean what[]) {
    for (int i = 0; i < what.length; i++) System.out.println(what[i]);
    System.out.flush();
  }

  static public void printarr(char what[]) {
    for (int i = 0; i < what.length; i++) System.out.println(what[i]);
    System.out.flush();
  }

  static public void printarr(int what[]) {
    for (int i = 0; i < what.length; i++) System.out.println(what[i]);
    System.out.flush();
  }

  static public void printarr(float what[]) {
    for (int i = 0; i < what.length; i++) System.out.println(what[i]);
    System.out.flush();
  }

  static public void printarr(double what[]) {
    for (int i = 0; i < what.length; i++) System.out.println(what[i]);
    System.out.flush();
  }

  static public void printarr(String what[]) {
    for (int i = 0; i < what.length; i++) System.out.println(what[i]);
    System.out.flush();
  }

  static public void printarr(Object what[]) {
    for (int i = 0; i < what.length; i++) System.out.println(what[i]);
    System.out.flush();
  }
  */

  //

  /*
  public void printvar(String name) {
    try {
      Field field = getClass().getDeclaredField(name);
      println(name + " = " + field.get(this));
    } catch (Exception e) {
      e.printStackTrace();
    }
  }
  */


  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

  // MATH

  // lots of convenience methods for math with floats.
  // doubles are overkill for processing applets, and casting
  // things all the time is annoying, thus the functions below.


  static public final float abs(float n) {
    return (n < 0) ? -n : n;
  }

  static public final int abs(int n) {
    return (n < 0) ? -n : n;
  }

  static public final float sq(float a) {
    return a*a;
  }

  static public final float sqrt(float a) {
    return (float)Math.sqrt(a);
  }

  static public final float log(float a) {
    return (float)Math.log(a);
  }

  static public final float exp(float a) {
    return (float)Math.exp(a);
  }

  static public final float pow(float a, float b) {
    return (float)Math.pow(a, b);
  }


  static public final float max(float a, float b) {
    return Math.max(a, b);
  }

  static public final float max(float a, float b, float c) {
    return Math.max(a, Math.max(b, c));
  }

  static public final float min(float a, float b) {
    return Math.min(a, b);
  }

  static public final float min(float a, float b, float c) {
    return Math.min(a, Math.min(b, c));
  }


  static public final float lerp(float a, float b, float amt) {
    return a + (b-a) * amt;
  }

  static public final float constrain(float amt, float low, float high) {
    return (amt < low) ? low : ((amt > high) ? high : amt);
  }


  static public final int max(int a, int b) {
    return (a > b) ? a : b;
  }

  static public final int max(int a, int b, int c) {
    return (a > b) ? ((a > c) ? a : c) : ((b > c) ? b : c);
  }

  static public final int min(int a, int b) {
    return (a < b) ? a : b;
  }

  static public final int min(int a, int b, int c) {
    return (a < b) ? ((a < c) ? a : c) : ((b < c) ? b : c);
  }

  static public final int constrain(int amt, int low, int high) {
    return (amt < low) ? low : ((amt > high) ? high : amt);
  }


  public final float sin(float angle) {
    //if ((g != null) && (g.angleMode == DEGREES)) angle *= DEG_TO_RAD;
    return (float)Math.sin(angle);
  }

  public final float cos(float angle) {
    //if ((g != null) && (g.angleMode == DEGREES)) angle *= DEG_TO_RAD;
    return (float)Math.cos(angle);
  }

  public final float tan(float angle) {
    //if ((g != null) && (g.angleMode == DEGREES)) angle *= DEG_TO_RAD;
    return (float)Math.tan(angle);
  }


  public final float asin(float value) {
    //return ((g != null) && (g.angleMode == DEGREES)) ?
    //((float)Math.asin(value) * RAD_TO_DEG) : (float)Math.asin(value);
    return (float)Math.asin(value);
  }

  public final float acos(float value) {
    //return ((g != null) && (g.angleMode == DEGREES)) ?
    //((float)Math.acos(value) * RAD_TO_DEG) : (float)Math.acos(value);
    return (float)Math.acos(value);
  }

  public final float atan(float value) {
    //return ((g != null) && (g.angleMode == DEGREES)) ?
    // ((float)Math.atan(value) * RAD_TO_DEG) : (float)Math.atan(value);
    return (float)Math.atan(value);
  }

  public final float atan2(float a, float b) {
    //return ((g != null) && (g.angleMode == DEGREES)) ?
    //((float)Math.atan2(a, b) * RAD_TO_DEG) : (float)Math.atan2(a, b);
    return (float)Math.atan2(a, b);
  }


  static public final float degrees(float radians) {
    return radians * RAD_TO_DEG;
  }

  static public final float radians(float degrees) {
    return degrees * DEG_TO_RAD;
  }


  static public final float ceil(float what) {
    return (float) Math.ceil(what);
  }

  static public final float floor(float what) {
    return (float) Math.floor(what);
  }

  static public final float round(float what) {
    return Math.round(what);
  }


  static public final float mag(float a, float b) {
    return (float)Math.sqrt(a*a + b*b);
  }

  static public final float mag(float a, float b, float c) {
    return (float)Math.sqrt(a*a + b*b + c*c);
  }


  static public final float dist(float x1, float y1, float x2, float y2) {
    return sqrt(sq(x2-x1) + sq(y2-y1));
  }

  static public final float dist(float x1, float y1, float z1,
                                 float x2, float y2, float z2) {
    return sqrt(sq(x2-x1) + sq(y2-y1) + sq(z2-z1));
  }



  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

  // RANDOM NUMBERS


  Random internalRandom;

  /**
   * Return a random number in the range [0, howbig).
   * <P>
   * The number returned will range from zero up to
   * (but not including) 'howbig'.
   */
  public final float random(float howbig) {
    // for some reason (rounding error?) Math.random() * 3
    // can sometimes return '3' (once in ~30 million tries)
    // so a check was added to avoid the inclusion of 'howbig'

    // avoid an infinite loop
    if (howbig == 0) return 0;

    // internal random number object
    if (internalRandom == null) internalRandom = new Random();

    float value = 0;
    do {
      //value = (float)Math.random() * howbig;
      value = internalRandom.nextFloat() * howbig;
    } while (value == howbig);
    return value;
  }


  /**
   * Return a random number in the range [howsmall, howbig).
   * <P>
   * The number returned will range from 'howsmall' up to
   * (but not including 'howbig'.
   * <P>
   * If howsmall is >= howbig, howsmall will be returned,
   * meaning that random(5, 5) will return 5 (useful)
   * and random(7, 4) will return 7 (not useful.. better idea?)
   */
  public final float random(float howsmall, float howbig) {
    if (howsmall >= howbig) return howsmall;
    float diff = howbig - howsmall;
    return random(diff) + howsmall;
  }


  public final void randomSeed(long what) {
    // internal random number object
    if (internalRandom == null) internalRandom = new Random();
    internalRandom.setSeed(what);
  }



  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

  // PERLIN NOISE

  // [toxi 040903]
  // octaves and amplitude amount per octave are now user controlled
  // via the noiseDetail() function.

  // [toxi 030902]
  // cleaned up code and now using bagel's cosine table to speed up

  // [toxi 030901]
  // implementation by the german demo group farbrausch
  // as used in their demo "art": http://www.farb-rausch.de/fr010src.zip

  static final int PERLIN_YWRAPB = 4;
  static final int PERLIN_YWRAP = 1<<PERLIN_YWRAPB;
  static final int PERLIN_ZWRAPB = 8;
  static final int PERLIN_ZWRAP = 1<<PERLIN_ZWRAPB;
  static final int PERLIN_SIZE = 4095;

  int perlin_octaves = 4; // default to medium smooth
  float perlin_amp_falloff = 0.5f; // 50% reduction/octave

  // [toxi 031112]
  // new vars needed due to recent change of cos table in PGraphics
  int perlin_TWOPI, perlin_PI;
  float[] perlin_cosTable;
  float perlin[];

  Random perlinRandom;


  /**
   * Computes the Perlin noise function value at point x.
   */
  public float noise(float x) {
    // is this legit? it's a dumb way to do it (but repair it later)
    return noise(x, 0f, 0f);
  }

  /**
   * Computes the Perlin noise function value at the point x, y.
   */
  public float noise(float x, float y) {
    return noise(x, y, 0f);
  }

  /**
   * Computes the Perlin noise function value at x, y, z.
   */
  public float noise(float x, float y, float z) {
    if (perlin == null) {
      if (perlinRandom == null) {
        perlinRandom = new Random();
      }
      perlin = new float[PERLIN_SIZE + 1];
      for (int i = 0; i < PERLIN_SIZE + 1; i++) {
        perlin[i] = perlinRandom.nextFloat(); //(float)Math.random();
      }
      // [toxi 031112]
      // noise broke due to recent change of cos table in PGraphics
      // this will take care of it
      perlin_cosTable = PGraphics.cosLUT;
      perlin_TWOPI = perlin_PI = PGraphics.SINCOS_LENGTH;
      perlin_PI >>= 1;
    }

    if (x<0) x=-x;
    if (y<0) y=-y;
    if (z<0) z=-z;

    int xi=(int)x, yi=(int)y, zi=(int)z;
    float xf = (float)(x-xi);
    float yf = (float)(y-yi);
    float zf = (float)(z-zi);
    float rxf, ryf;

    float r=0;
    float ampl=0.5f;

    float n1,n2,n3;

    for (int i=0; i<perlin_octaves; i++) {
      int of=xi+(yi<<PERLIN_YWRAPB)+(zi<<PERLIN_ZWRAPB);

      rxf=noise_fsc(xf);
      ryf=noise_fsc(yf);

      n1  = perlin[of&PERLIN_SIZE];
      n1 += rxf*(perlin[(of+1)&PERLIN_SIZE]-n1);
      n2  = perlin[(of+PERLIN_YWRAP)&PERLIN_SIZE];
      n2 += rxf*(perlin[(of+PERLIN_YWRAP+1)&PERLIN_SIZE]-n2);
      n1 += ryf*(n2-n1);

      of += PERLIN_ZWRAP;
      n2  = perlin[of&PERLIN_SIZE];
      n2 += rxf*(perlin[(of+1)&PERLIN_SIZE]-n2);
      n3  = perlin[(of+PERLIN_YWRAP)&PERLIN_SIZE];
      n3 += rxf*(perlin[(of+PERLIN_YWRAP+1)&PERLIN_SIZE]-n3);
      n2 += ryf*(n3-n2);

      n1 += noise_fsc(zf)*(n2-n1);

      r += n1*ampl;
      ampl *= perlin_amp_falloff;
      xi<<=1; xf*=2;
      yi<<=1; yf*=2;
      zi<<=1; zf*=2;

      if (xf>=1.0f) { xi++; xf--; }
      if (yf>=1.0f) { yi++; yf--; }
      if (zf>=1.0f) { zi++; zf--; }
    }
    return r;
  }

  // [toxi 031112]
  // now adjusts to the size of the cosLUT used via
  // the new variables, defined above
  private float noise_fsc(float i) {
    // using bagel's cosine table instead
    return 0.5f*(1.0f-perlin_cosTable[(int)(i*perlin_PI)%perlin_TWOPI]);
  }

  // [toxi 040903]
  // make perlin noise quality user controlled to allow
  // for different levels of detail. lower values will produce
  // smoother results as higher octaves are surpressed

  public void noiseDetail(int lod) {
    if (lod>0) perlin_octaves=lod;
  }

  public void noiseDetail(int lod, float falloff) {
    if (lod>0) perlin_octaves=lod;
    if (falloff>0) perlin_amp_falloff=falloff;
  }

  public void noiseSeed(long what) {
    if (perlinRandom == null) perlinRandom = new Random();
    perlinRandom.setSeed(what);
  }



  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

  // SOUND I/O


  public PSound loadSound(String filename) {
    if (PApplet.javaVersion >= 1.3f) {
      return new PSound2(this, openStream(filename));
    }
    return new PSound(this, openStream(filename));
  }



  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

  // IMAGE I/O


  public PImage loadImage(String filename) {
    if (filename.toLowerCase().endsWith(".tga")) {
      return loadImageTGA(filename);
    }
    return loadImage(filename, true);
  }


  // returns null if no image of that name is found
  public PImage loadImage(String filename, boolean force) {
    Image awtImage =
      Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().createImage(loadBytes(filename));

    MediaTracker tracker = new MediaTracker(this);
    tracker.addImage(awtImage, 0);
    try {
      tracker.waitForAll();
    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
      // don't bother, since this may be interrupted by draw
      // or noLoop or something like that
      //e.printStackTrace();  // non-fatal, right?
    }

    PImage image = new PImage(awtImage);

    // if it's a .gif image, test to see if it has transparency
    if (filename.toLowerCase().endsWith(".gif")) {
      for (int i = 0; i < image.pixels.length; i++) {
        // since transparency is often at corners, hopefully this
        // will find a non-transparent pixel quickly and exit
        if ((image.pixels[i] & 0xff000000) != 0xff000000) {
          image.format = ARGB;
        }
      }
    }
    return image;
  }


  /**
   * [toxi 040304] Targa bitmap loader for 24/32bit RGB(A)
   *
   * [fry] this could be optimized to not use loadBytes
   * which would help out memory situations with large images
   */
  protected PImage loadImageTGA(String filename) {
    // load image file as byte array
    byte[] buffer = loadBytes(filename);

    // check if it's a TGA and has 8bits/colour channel
    if (buffer[2] == 2 && buffer[17] == 8) {
      // get image dimensions
      //int w=(b2i(buffer[13])<<8) + b2i(buffer[12]);
      int w = ((buffer[13] & 0xff) << 8) + (buffer[12] & 0xff);
      //int h=(b2i(buffer[15])<<8) + b2i(buffer[14]);
      int h = ((buffer[15] & 0xff) << 8) + (buffer[14] & 0xff);
      // check if image has alpha
      boolean hasAlpha=(buffer[16] == 32);

      // setup new image object
      PImage img = new PImage(w,h);
      img.format = (hasAlpha ? ARGB : RGB);

      // targa's are written upside down, so we need to parse it in reverse
      int index = (h-1) * w;
      // actual bitmap data starts at byte 18
      int offset = 18;

      // read out line by line
      for (int y = h-1; y >= 0; y--) {
        for (int x = 0; x < w; x++) {
          img.pixels[index + x] =
            (buffer[offset++] & 0xff) |
            ((buffer[offset++] & 0xff) << 8) |
            ((buffer[offset++] & 0xff) << 16) |
            (hasAlpha ? ((buffer[offset++] & 0xff) << 24) : 0xff000000);
        }
        index -= w;
      }
      return img;
    }
    die("loadImage(): bad targa image format");
    return null;
  }



  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

  // FONT I/O


  public PFont loadFont(String filename) {
    //if (g == null) {  // just for good measure
    //die("loadFont() only be used inside setup() or draw()");
    //}

    try {
      String lower = filename.toLowerCase();
      InputStream input = openStream(filename);

      if (lower.endsWith(".vlw.gz")) {
        input = new GZIPInputStream(input);

      } else if (!lower.endsWith(".vlw")) {
        // this gets thrown down below
        throw new IOException("I don't know how to load a font named " +
                              filename);
      }
      return new PFont(input);

    } catch (Exception e) {
      die("Could not load font " + filename + "\n" +
          "Make sure that the font has been copied\n" +
          "to the data folder of your sketch.", e);
    }
    return null;
  }


  public PFont createFont(String name, float size) {
    return createFont(name, size, PFont.DEFAULT_CHARSET, true);
  }


  public PFont createFont(String name, float size, char charset[]) {
    return createFont(name, size, charset, true);
  }


  public PFont createFont(String name, float size, boolean smooth) {
    return createFont(name, size, PFont.DEFAULT_CHARSET, smooth);
  }


  /**
   * Create a .vlw font on the fly from either a font name that's
   * installed on the system, or from a .ttf or .otf that's inside
   * the data folder of this sketch.
   * <P>
   * Only works with Java 1.3 or later.
   */
  public PFont createFont(String name, float size,
                          char charset[], boolean smooth) {
    if (PApplet.javaVersion < 1.3f) {
      throw new RuntimeException("Can only create fonts with " +
                                 "Java 1.3 or higher");
    }

    String lowerName = name.toLowerCase();
    Font font = null;

    try {
      Method deriveFontMethod =
        Font.class.getMethod("deriveFont",
                             new Class[] { Float.TYPE });
      Float floatSize = new Float(size);

      if (lowerName.endsWith(".otf") || lowerName.endsWith(".ttf")) {
        //font = Font.createFont(Font.TRUETYPE_FONT, openStream(name));
        Method createFontMethod =
          Font.class.getMethod("createFont",
                               new Class[] { Integer.TYPE,
                                             InputStream.class });
        Field ttf = Font.class.getField("TRUETYPE_FONT");
        Integer ttfInteger = new Integer(ttf.getInt(ttf));
        Font baseFont = (Font)
          createFontMethod.invoke(name,
                                  new Object[] { ttfInteger,
                                                 openStream(name) });
        font = (Font) deriveFontMethod.invoke(baseFont,
                                              new Object[] { floatSize });
      } else {
        Font baseFont = new Font(name, Font.PLAIN, 1);
        font = (Font)
          deriveFontMethod.invoke(font, new Object[] { floatSize });
      }

    } catch (Exception e) {
      e.printStackTrace();
      throw new RuntimeException("Problem using createFont() " +
                                 "with the file " + name);
    }
    return new PFont(font, charset, smooth);
  }



  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

  // FILE INPUT


  public File inputFile() {
    return inputFile("Select a file...");
  }

  public File inputFile(String prompt) {
    Frame parentFrame = null;
    Component comp = getParent();
    while (comp != null) {
      if (comp instanceof Frame) {
        parentFrame = (Frame) comp;
        break;
      }
      comp = comp.getParent();
    }
    //System.out.println("found frame " + frame);
    if (parentFrame == null) parentFrame = new Frame();
    FileDialog fd = new FileDialog(parentFrame, prompt, FileDialog.LOAD);
    fd.show();

    String directory = fd.getDirectory();
    String filename = fd.getFile();
    if (filename == null) return null;
    return new File(directory, filename);
  }


  public File outputFile() {
    return outputFile("Save as...");
  }

  public File outputFile(String prompt) {
    Frame parentFrame = null;
    Component comp = getParent();
    //System.out.println(comp + " " + comp.getClass());
    while (comp != null) {
      System.out.println(comp + " " + comp.getClass());
      if (comp instanceof Frame) {
        parentFrame = (Frame) comp;
        break;
      }
      comp = comp.getParent();
    }
    //System.out.println("found frame " + frame);
    if (parentFrame == null) parentFrame = new Frame();
    FileDialog fd = new FileDialog(parentFrame, prompt, FileDialog.SAVE);
    fd.show();

    String directory = fd.getDirectory();
    String filename = fd.getFile();
    if (filename == null) return null;
    return new File(directory, filename);
  }


  /**
   * I want to read lines from a file. I have RSI from typing these
   * eight lines of code so many times.
   */
  public BufferedReader reader(String filename) {
    try {
      return reader(openStream(filename));

    } catch (Exception e) {
      if (filename == null) {
        die("Filename passed to reader() was null", e);
      } else {
        die("Couldn't create a reader for " + filename, e);
      }
    }
    return null;
  }


  /**
   * I want to read lines from a file. And I'm still annoyed.
   */
  public BufferedReader reader(File file) {
    try {
      return reader(new FileInputStream(file));

    } catch (Exception e) {
      if (file == null) {
        die("File object passed to reader() was null", e);
      } else {
        die("Couldn't create a reader for " + file.getAbsolutePath(), e);
      }
    }
    return null;
  }


  /**
   * I want to read lines from a stream. If I have to type the
   * following lines any more I'm gonna send Sun my medical bills.
   */
  public BufferedReader reader(InputStream input) {
    //try {
    InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(input);
    return new BufferedReader(isr);
    //} catch (IOException e) {
    //die("Couldn't create reader()", e);
    //}
    //return null;
  }


  /**
   * decode a gzip input stream
   */
  public InputStream gzipInput(InputStream input) {
    try {
      return new GZIPInputStream(input);
    } catch (IOException e) {
      die("Problem with gzip input", e);
    }
    return null;
  }

  /**
   * decode a gzip output stream
   */
  public OutputStream gzipOutput(OutputStream output) {
    try {
      return new GZIPOutputStream(output);
    } catch (IOException e) {
      die("Problem with gzip output", e);
    }
    return null;
  }


  /**
   * I want to print lines to a file. Why can't I?
   */
  public PrintWriter writer(String filename) {
    try {
      return writer(new FileOutputStream(savePath(filename)));

    } catch (Exception e) {
      if (filename == null) {
        die("Filename passed to writer() was null", e);
      } else {
        die("Couldn't create a writer for " + filename, e);
      }
    }
    return null;
  }

  /**
   * I want to print lines to a file. I have RSI from typing these
   * eight lines of code so many times.
   */
  public PrintWriter writer(File file) {
    try {
      return writer(new FileOutputStream(file));

    } catch (Exception e) {
      if (file == null) {
        die("File object passed to writer() was null", e);
      } else {
        die("Couldn't create a writer for " + file.getAbsolutePath(), e);
      }
    }
    return null;
  }

  /**
   * I want to print lines to a file. Why am I always explaining myself?
   * It's the JavaSoft API engineers who need to explain themselves.
   */
  static public PrintWriter writer(OutputStream output) {
    //try {
    OutputStreamWriter osw = new OutputStreamWriter(output);
    return new PrintWriter(osw);
    //} catch (IOException e) {
    //die("Couldn't create writer()", e);
    //}
  }


  static public InputStream openStream(File file) {
    try {
      return new FileInputStream(file);

    } catch (IOException e) {
      e.printStackTrace();

      if (file == null) {
        throw new RuntimeException("File passed to openStream() was null");

      } else {
        throw new RuntimeException("Couldn't openStream() for " +
                                   file.getAbsolutePath());
      }
    }
    //return null;
  }


  public InputStream openStream(String filename) {
    InputStream stream = null;

    try {
      URL url = new URL(filename);
      stream = url.openStream();
      return stream;

    } catch (MalformedURLException e) {
      // not a url, that's fine

    } catch (IOException e) {
      throw new RuntimeException("Error downloading from URL " + filename);
    }

    if (!online) {
      try {
        String location = folder + File.separator + "data";
        File file = new File(location, filename);

        try {
          String path = file.getCanonicalPath();
          String filenameActual = new File(path).getName();
          //System.out.println(filename + " " + filenameActual);
          if (!filenameActual.equals(filename)) {
            throw new RuntimeException("This file is named " +
                                       filenameActual + " not " +
                                       filename + ".");
            //System.err.println("This image file is named " +
            //                 filenameActual + " not " + filename + ".");
            //System.err.println("Use loadImage(\"" +
            //                 filenameActual + "\") instead.");
            //return null;
            //System.out.println("found the wrong case");
            //throw new RuntimeException("wrong case");
          }
        } catch (IOException e) { }

        stream = new FileInputStream(file);
        if (stream != null) return stream;

      } catch (IOException e) { }  // ignored
    }

    try {
      stream = getClass().getResourceAsStream(filename);
      if (stream != null) return stream;

      stream = getClass().getResourceAsStream("data/" + filename);
      if (stream != null) return stream;

      try {
        try {
          File file = new File(folder, filename);
          stream = new FileInputStream(file);
          if (stream != null) return stream;

        } catch (Exception e) { }  // ignored

        try {
          stream = new FileInputStream(new File("data", filename));
          if (stream != null) return stream;
        } catch (IOException e2) { }

        try {
          stream = new FileInputStream(filename);
          if (stream != null) return stream;
        } catch (IOException e1) { }

      } catch (SecurityException se) { }  // online, whups

      if (stream == null) {
        throw new IOException("openStream() could not open " + filename);
      }
    } catch (Exception e) {
      die(e.getMessage(), e);
    }
    return null;  // #$(*@ compiler
  }


  public byte[] loadBytes(String filename) {
    return loadBytes(openStream(filename));
  }

  public byte[] loadBytes(InputStream input) {
    try {
      BufferedInputStream bis = new BufferedInputStream(input);
      ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();

      int c = bis.read();
      while (c != -1) {
        out.write(c);
        c = bis.read();
      }
      return out.toByteArray();

    } catch (IOException e) {
      die("Couldn't load bytes from stream", e);
    }
    return null;
  }


  static public String[] loadStrings(File file) {
    InputStream is = openStream(file);
    if (is != null) return loadStrings(is);

    //die("Couldn't open " + file.getAbsolutePath());
    return null;
  }

  public String[] loadStrings(String filename) {
    InputStream is = openStream(filename);
    if (is != null) return loadStrings(is);

    die("Couldn't open " + filename);
    return null;
  }

  static public String[] loadStrings(InputStream input) {
    try {
      BufferedReader reader =
        new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(input));

      String lines[] = new String[100];
      int lineCount = 0;
      String line = null;
      while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
        if (lineCount == lines.length) {
          String temp[] = new String[lineCount << 1];
          System.arraycopy(lines, 0, temp, 0, lineCount);
          lines = temp;
        }
        lines[lineCount++] = line;
      }
      reader.close();

      if (lineCount == lines.length) {
        return lines;
      }

      // resize array to appropraite amount for these lines
      String output[] = new String[lineCount];
      System.arraycopy(lines, 0, output, 0, lineCount);
      return output;

    } catch (IOException e) {
      e.printStackTrace();
      throw new RuntimeException("Error inside loadStrings()");
    }
    //return null;
  }



  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

  // FILE OUTPUT


  /**
   * Saves bytes to a file to inside the sketch folder.
   * The filename can be a relative path, i.e. "poo/bytefun.txt"
   * would save to a file named "bytefun.txt" to a subfolder
   * called 'poo' inside the sketch folder. If the in-between
   * subfolders don't exist, they'll be created.
   */
  public void saveBytes(String filename, byte buffer[]) {
    try {
      String location = savePath(filename);
      FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(location);
      saveBytes(fos, buffer);
      fos.close();

    } catch (IOException e) {
      System.err.println("error saving bytes to " + filename);
      e.printStackTrace();
    }
  }

  /**
   * Saves bytes to a specific File location specified by the user.
   */
  static public void saveBytes(File file, byte buffer[]) {
    try {
      String filename = file.getAbsolutePath();
      createPath(filename);
      FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(file);
      saveBytes(fos, buffer);
      fos.close();

    } catch (IOException e) {
      System.err.println("error saving bytes to " + file);
      e.printStackTrace();
    }
  }

  /**
   * Spews a buffer of bytes to an OutputStream.
   */
  static public void saveBytes(OutputStream output, byte buffer[]) {
    try {
      //BufferedOutputStream bos = new BufferedOutputStream(output);
      output.write(buffer);
      output.flush();

    } catch (IOException e) {
      e.printStackTrace();
      throw new RuntimeException("Couldn't save bytes");
    }
  }

  //

  public void saveStrings(String filename, String strings[]) {
    try {
      String location = savePath(filename);
      FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(location);
      saveStrings(fos, strings);
      fos.close();

    } catch (IOException e) {
      e.printStackTrace();
      throw new RuntimeException("saveStrings() failed: " + e.getMessage());
    }
  }


  static public void saveStrings(File file, String strings[]) {
    try {
      String location = file.getAbsolutePath();
      createPath(location);
      FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(location);
      saveStrings(fos, strings);
      fos.close();

    } catch (IOException e) {
      System.err.println("error while saving strings");
      e.printStackTrace();
    }
  }


  static public void saveStrings(OutputStream output, String strings[]) {
    PrintWriter writer =
      new PrintWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(output));
    for (int i = 0; i < strings.length; i++) {
      writer.println(strings[i]);
    }
    writer.flush();
  }


  //


  /**
   * Figures out the full path for where to save things.
   * Can be used by external libraries to save to the sketch folder.
   */
  public String savePath(String where) {
    String filename = folder + File.separator + where;
    createPath(filename);
    return filename;
  }

  /**
   * Creates in-between folders if they don't already exist.
   */
  static public void createPath(String filename) {
    File file = new File(filename);
    String parent = file.getParent();
    if (parent != null) {
      File unit = new File(parent);
      if (!unit.exists()) unit.mkdirs();
    }
  }


  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

  // SORT

  int sort_mode;

  static final int BYTES   = 1;
  static final int CHARS   = 2;
  static final int INTS    = 3;
  static final int FLOATS  = 4;
  static final int STRINGS = 5;

  byte sort_bytes[];
  char sort_chars[];
  int sort_ints[];
  float sort_floats[];
  String sort_strings[];


  public byte[] sort(byte what[]) {
    return sort(what, what.length);
  }

  public char[] sort(char what[]) {
    return sort(what, what.length);
  }

  public int[] sort(int what[]) {
    return sort(what, what.length);
  }

  public float[] sort(float what[]) {
    return sort(what, what.length);
  }

  public String[] sort(String what[]) {
    return sort(what, what.length);
  }

  //

  public byte[] sort(byte what[], int count) {
    if (count == 0) return null;
    sort_mode = BYTES;
    sort_bytes = new byte[count];
    System.arraycopy(what, 0, sort_bytes, 0, count);
    sort_internal(0, count-1);
    return sort_bytes;
  }

  public char[] sort(char what[], int count) {
    if (count == 0) return null;
    sort_mode = CHARS;
    sort_chars = new char[count];
    System.arraycopy(what, 0, sort_chars, 0, count);
    sort_internal(0, count-1);
    return sort_chars;
  }

  public int[] sort(int what[], int count) {
    if (count == 0) return null;
    sort_mode = INTS;
    sort_ints = new int[count];
    System.arraycopy(what, 0, sort_ints, 0, count);
    sort_internal(0, count-1);
    return sort_ints;
  }

  public float[] sort(float what[], int count) {
    if (count == 0) return null;
    sort_mode = FLOATS;
    sort_floats = new float[count];
    System.arraycopy(what, 0, sort_floats, 0, count);
    sort_internal(0, count-1);
    return sort_floats;
  }

  public String[] sort(String what[], int count) {
    if (count == 0) return null;
    sort_mode = STRINGS;
    sort_strings = new String[count];
    System.arraycopy(what, 0, sort_strings, 0, count);
    sort_internal(0, count-1);
    return sort_strings;
  }

  //

  protected void sort_internal(int i, int j) {
    int pivotIndex = (i+j)/2;
    sort_swap(pivotIndex, j);
    int k = sort_partition(i-1, j);
    sort_swap(k, j);
    if ((k-i) > 1) sort_internal(i, k-1);
    if ((j-k) > 1) sort_internal(k+1, j);
  }


  protected int sort_partition(int left, int right) {
    int pivot = right;
    do {
      while (sort_compare(++left, pivot) < 0) { }
      while ((right != 0) && (sort_compare(--right, pivot) > 0)) { }
      sort_swap(left, right);
    } while (left < right);
    sort_swap(left, right);
    return left;
  }


  protected void sort_swap(int a, int b) {
    switch (sort_mode) {
    case BYTES:
      byte btemp = sort_bytes[a];
      sort_bytes[a] = sort_bytes[b];
      sort_bytes[b] = btemp;
      break;
    case CHARS:
      char ctemp = sort_chars[a];
      sort_chars[a] = sort_chars[b];
      sort_chars[b] = ctemp;
      break;
    case INTS:
      int itemp = sort_ints[a];
      sort_ints[a] = sort_ints[b];
      sort_ints[b] = itemp;
      break;
    case FLOATS:
      float ftemp = sort_floats[a];
      sort_floats[a] = sort_floats[b];
      sort_floats[b] = ftemp;
      break;
    case STRINGS:
      String stemp = sort_strings[a];
      sort_strings[a] = sort_strings[b];
      sort_strings[b] = stemp;
      break;
    }
  }

  protected int sort_compare(int a, int b) {
    switch (sort_mode) {
    case BYTES:
      return sort_bytes[a] - sort_bytes[b];
      //if (sort_bytes[a] < sort_bytes[b]) return -1;
      //return (sort_bytes[a] == sort_bytes[b]) ? 0 : 1;
    case CHARS:
      return sort_chars[a] - sort_chars[b];
      //if (sort_chars[a] < sort_chars[b]) return -1;
      //return (sort_chars[a] == sort_chars[b]) ? 0 : 1;
    case INTS:
      return sort_ints[a] - sort_ints[b];
      //if (sort_ints[a] < sort_ints[b]) return -1;
      //return (sort_ints[a] == sort_ints[b]) ? 0 : 1;
    case FLOATS:
      if (sort_floats[a] < sort_floats[b]) return -1;
      return (sort_floats[a] == sort_floats[b]) ? 0 : 1;
    case STRINGS:
      return sort_strings[a].compareTo(sort_strings[b]);
    }
    return 0;
  }



  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

  // ARRAY UTILITIES


  static public boolean[] expand(boolean list[]) {
    return expand(list, list.length << 1);
  }

  static public boolean[] expand(boolean list[], int newSize) {
    boolean temp[] = new boolean[newSize];
    System.arraycopy(list, 0, temp, 0, Math.min(newSize, list.length));
    return temp;
  }


  static public byte[] expand(byte list[]) {
    return expand(list, list.length << 1);
  }

  static public byte[] expand(byte list[], int newSize) {
    byte temp[] = new byte[newSize];
    System.arraycopy(list, 0, temp, 0, Math.min(newSize, list.length));
    return temp;
  }


  static public char[] expand(char list[]) {
    return expand(list, list.length << 1);
  }

  static public char[] expand(char list[], int newSize) {
    char temp[] = new char[newSize];
    System.arraycopy(list, 0, temp, 0, Math.min(newSize, list.length));
    return temp;
  }


  static public int[] expand(int list[]) {
    return expand(list, list.length << 1);
  }

  static public int[] expand(int list[], int newSize) {
    int temp[] = new int[newSize];
    System.arraycopy(list, 0, temp, 0, Math.min(newSize, list.length));
    return temp;
  }


  static public float[] expand(float list[]) {
    return expand(list, list.length << 1);
  }

  static public float[] expand(float list[], int newSize) {
    float temp[] = new float[newSize];
    System.arraycopy(list, 0, temp, 0, Math.min(newSize, list.length));
    return temp;
  }


  static public String[] expand(String list[]) {
    return expand(list, list.length << 1);
  }

  static public String[] expand(String list[], int newSize) {
    String temp[] = new String[newSize];
    // in case the new size is smaller than list.length
    System.arraycopy(list, 0, temp, 0, Math.min(newSize, list.length));
    return temp;
  }

  //

  static public boolean[] contract(boolean list[], int newSize) {
    return expand(list, newSize);
  }

  static public byte[] contract(byte list[], int newSize) {
    return expand(list, newSize);
  }

  static public char[] contract(char list[], int newSize) {
    return expand(list, newSize);
  }

  static public int[] contract(int list[], int newSize) {
    return expand(list, newSize);
  }

  static public float[] contract(float list[], int newSize) {
    return expand(list, newSize);
  }

  static public String[] contract(String list[], int newSize) {
    return expand(list, newSize);
  }

  //

  static public byte[] append(byte b[], byte value) {
    b = expand(b, b.length + 1);
    b[b.length-1] = value;
    return b;
  }

  static public char[] append(char b[], char value) {
    b = expand(b, b.length + 1);
    b[b.length-1] = value;
    return b;
  }

  static public int[] append(int b[], int value) {
    b = expand(b, b.length + 1);
    b[b.length-1] = value;
    return b;
  }

  static public float[] append(float b[], float value) {
    b = expand(b, b.length + 1);
    b[b.length-1] = value;
    return b;
  }

  static public String[] append(String b[], String value) {
    b = expand(b, b.length + 1);
    b[b.length-1] = value;
    return b;
  }

  //

  static public boolean[] shorten(boolean list[]) {
    return contract(list, list.length-1);
  }

  static public byte[] shorten(byte list[]) {
    return contract(list, list.length-1);
  }

  static public char[] shorten(char list[]) {
    return contract(list, list.length-1);
  }

  static public int[] shorten(int list[]) {
    return contract(list, list.length-1);
  }

  static public float[] shorten(float list[]) {
    return contract(list, list.length-1);
  }

  static public String[] shorten(String list[]) {
    return contract(list, list.length-1);
  }

  //

  static final public boolean[] splice(boolean list[],
                                       boolean v, int index) {
    boolean outgoing[] = new boolean[list.length + 1];
    System.arraycopy(list, 0, outgoing, 0, index);
    outgoing[index] = v;
    System.arraycopy(list, index, outgoing, index + 1,
                     list.length - index);
    return outgoing;
  }

  static final public boolean[] splice(boolean list[],
                                       boolean v[], int index) {
    boolean outgoing[] = new boolean[list.length + v.length];
    System.arraycopy(list, 0, outgoing, 0, index);
    System.arraycopy(v, 0, outgoing, index, v.length);
    System.arraycopy(list, index, outgoing, index + v.length,
                     list.length - index);
    return outgoing;
  }


  static final public byte[] splice(byte list[],
                                    byte v, int index) {
    byte outgoing[] = new byte[list.length + 1];
    System.arraycopy(list, 0, outgoing, 0, index);
    outgoing[index] = v;
    System.arraycopy(list, index, outgoing, index + 1,
                     list.length - index);
    return outgoing;
  }

  static final public byte[] splice(byte list[],
                                    byte v[], int index) {
    byte outgoing[] = new byte[list.length + v.length];
    System.arraycopy(list, 0, outgoing, 0, index);
    System.arraycopy(v, 0, outgoing, index, v.length);
    System.arraycopy(list, index, outgoing, index + v.length,
                     list.length - index);
    return outgoing;
  }


  static final public char[] splice(char list[],
                                    char v, int index) {
    char outgoing[] = new char[list.length + 1];
    System.arraycopy(list, 0, outgoing, 0, index);
    outgoing[index] = v;
    System.arraycopy(list, index, outgoing, index + 1,
                     list.length - index);
    return outgoing;
  }

  static final public char[] splice(char list[],
                                    char v[], int index) {
    char outgoing[] = new char[list.length + v.length];
    System.arraycopy(list, 0, outgoing, 0, index);
    System.arraycopy(v, 0, outgoing, index, v.length);
    System.arraycopy(list, index, outgoing, index + v.length,
                     list.length - index);
    return outgoing;
  }


  static final public int[] splice(int list[],
                                   int v, int index) {
    int outgoing[] = new int[list.length + 1];
    System.arraycopy(list, 0, outgoing, 0, index);
    outgoing[index] = v;
    System.arraycopy(list, index, outgoing, index + 1,
                     list.length - index);
    return outgoing;
  }

  static final public int[] splice(int list[],
                                   int v[], int index) {
    int outgoing[] = new int[list.length + v.length];
    System.arraycopy(list, 0, outgoing, 0, index);
    System.arraycopy(v, 0, outgoing, index, v.length);
    System.arraycopy(list, index, outgoing, index + v.length,
                     list.length - index);
    return outgoing;
  }


  static final public float[] splice(float list[],
                                     float v, int index) {
    float outgoing[] = new float[list.length + 1];
    System.arraycopy(list, 0, outgoing, 0, index);
    outgoing[index] = v;
    System.arraycopy(list, index, outgoing, index + 1,
                     list.length - index);
    return outgoing;
  }

  static final public float[] splice(float list[],
                                     float v[], int index) {
    float outgoing[] = new float[list.length + v.length];
    System.arraycopy(list, 0, outgoing, 0, index);
    System.arraycopy(v, 0, outgoing, index, v.length);
    System.arraycopy(list, index, outgoing, index + v.length,
                     list.length - index);
    return outgoing;
  }


  static final public String[] splice(String list[],
                                      String v, int index) {
    String outgoing[] = new String[list.length + 1];
    System.arraycopy(list, 0, outgoing, 0, index);
    outgoing[index] = v;
    System.arraycopy(list, index, outgoing, index + 1,
                     list.length - index);
    return outgoing;
  }

  static final public String[] splice(String list[],
                                      String v[], int index) {
    String outgoing[] = new String[list.length + v.length];
    System.arraycopy(list, 0, outgoing, 0, index);
    System.arraycopy(v, 0, outgoing, index, v.length);
    System.arraycopy(list, index, outgoing, index + v.length,
                     list.length - index);
    return outgoing;
  }

  //

  static public int[] subset(int list[], int start) {
    return subset(list, start, list.length - start);
  }

  static public int[] subset(int list[], int start, int count) {
    int output[] = new int[count];
    System.arraycopy(list, start, output, 0, count);
    return output;
  }


  static public float[] subset(float list[], int start) {
    return subset(list, start, list.length - start);
  }

  static public float[] subset(float list[], int start, int count) {
    float output[] = new float[count];
    System.arraycopy(list, start, output, 0, count);
    return output;
  }


  static public String[] subset(String list[], int start) {
    return subset(list, start, list.length - start);
  }

  static public String[] subset(String list[], int start, int count) {
    String output[] = new String[count];
    System.arraycopy(list, start, output, 0, count);
    return output;
  }

  //

  static public boolean[] concat(boolean a[], boolean b[]) {
    boolean c[] = new boolean[a.length + b.length];
    System.arraycopy(a, 0, c, 0, a.length);
    System.arraycopy(b, 0, c, a.length, b.length);
    return c;
  }

  static public byte[] concat(byte a[], byte b[]) {
    byte c[] = new byte[a.length + b.length];
    System.arraycopy(a, 0, c, 0, a.length);
    System.arraycopy(b, 0, c, a.length, b.length);
    return c;
  }

  static public char[] concat(char a[], char b[]) {
    char c[] = new char[a.length + b.length];
    System.arraycopy(a, 0, c, 0, a.length);
    System.arraycopy(b, 0, c, a.length, b.length);
    return c;
  }

  static public int[] concat(int a[], int b[]) {
    int c[] = new int[a.length + b.length];
    System.arraycopy(a, 0, c, 0, a.length);
    System.arraycopy(b, 0, c, a.length, b.length);
    return c;
  }

  static public float[] concat(float a[], float b[]) {
    float c[] = new float[a.length + b.length];
    System.arraycopy(a, 0, c, 0, a.length);
    System.arraycopy(b, 0, c, a.length, b.length);
    return c;
  }

  static public String[] concat(String a[], String b[]) {
    String c[] = new String[a.length + b.length];
    System.arraycopy(a, 0, c, 0, a.length);
    System.arraycopy(b, 0, c, a.length, b.length);
    return c;
  }

  //

  static public boolean[] reverse(boolean list[]) {
    boolean outgoing[] = new boolean[list.length];
    int length1 = list.length - 1;
    for (int i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
      outgoing[i] = list[length1 - i];
    }
    return outgoing;
  }

  static public byte[] reverse(byte list[]) {
    byte outgoing[] = new byte[list.length];
    int length1 = list.length - 1;
    for (int i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
      outgoing[i] = list[length1 - i];
    }
    return outgoing;
  }

  static public char[] reverse(char list[]) {
    char outgoing[] = new char[list.length];
    int length1 = list.length - 1;
    for (int i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
      outgoing[i] = list[length1 - i];
    }
    return outgoing;
  }

  static public int[] reverse(int list[]) {
    int outgoing[] = new int[list.length];
    int length1 = list.length - 1;
    for (int i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
      outgoing[i] = list[length1 - i];
    }
    return outgoing;
  }

  static public float[] reverse(float list[]) {
    float outgoing[] = new float[list.length];
    int length1 = list.length - 1;
    for (int i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
      outgoing[i] = list[length1 - i];
    }
    return outgoing;
  }

  static public String[] reverse(String list[]) {
    String outgoing[] = new String[list.length];
    int length1 = list.length - 1;
    for (int i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
      outgoing[i] = list[length1 - i];
    }
    return outgoing;
  }



  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

  // STRINGS


  /**
   * Remove whitespace characters from the beginning and ending
   * of a String. Works like String.trim() but includes the
   * unicode nbsp character as well.
   */
  static public String trim(String str) {
    return str.replace('\u00A0', ' ').trim();

    /*
    int left = 0;
    int right = str.length() - 1;

    while ((left <= right) &&
           (WHITESPACE.indexOf(str.charAt(left)) != -1)) left++;
    if (left == right) return "";

    while (WHITESPACE.indexOf(str.charAt(right)) != -1) --right;

    return str.substring(left, right-left+1);
    */
  }

  /**
   * Join an array of Strings together as a single String,
   * separated by the whatever's passed in for the separator.
   */
  static public String join(String str[], char separator) {
    return join(str, String.valueOf(separator));
  }


  /**
   * Join an array of Strings together as a single String,
   * separated by the whatever's passed in for the separator.
   * <P>
   * To use this on numbers, first pass the array to nf() or nfs()
   * to get a list of String objects, then use join on that.
   * <PRE>
   * e.g. String stuff[] = { "apple", "bear", "cat" };
   *      String list = join(stuff, ", ");
   *      // list is now "apple, bear, cat"</PRE>
   */
  static public String join(String str[], String separator) {
    StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer();
    for (int i = 0; i < str.length; i++) {
      if (i != 0) buffer.append(separator);
      buffer.append(str[i]);
    }
    return buffer.toString();
  }


  /**
   * Split the provided String at wherever whitespace occurs.
   * Multiple whitespace (extra spaces or tabs or whatever)
   * between items will count as a single break.
   * <P>
   * The whitespace characters are "\t\n\r\f", which are the defaults
   * for java.util.StringTokenizer, plus the unicode non-breaking space
   * character, which is found commonly on files created by or used
   * in conjunction with Mac OS X (character 160, or 0x00A0 in hex).
   * <PRE>
   * i.e. split("a b") -> { "a", "b" }
   *      split("a    b") -> { "a", "b" }
   *      split("a\tb") -> { "a", "b" }
   *      split("a \t  b  ") -> { "a", "b" }</PRE>
   */
  static public String[] split(String what) {
    return split(what, WHITESPACE);
  }


  /**
   * Splits a string into pieces, using any of the chars in the
   * String 'delim' as separator characters. For instance,
   * in addition to white space, you might want to treat commas
   * as a separator. The delimeter characters won't appear in
   * the returned String array.
   * <PRE>
   * i.e. split("a, b", " ,") -> { "a", "b" }
   * </PRE>
   * To include all the whitespace possibilities, use the variable
   * WHITESPACE, found in PConstants:
   * <PRE>
   * i.e. split("a   | b", WHITESPACE + "|");  ->  { "a", "b" }</PRE>
   */
  static public String[] split(String what, String delim) {
    StringTokenizer toker = new StringTokenizer(what, delim);
    String pieces[] = new String[toker.countTokens()];

    int index = 0;
    while (toker.hasMoreTokens()) {
      pieces[index++] = toker.nextToken();
    }
    return pieces;
  }


  /**
   * Split a string into pieces along a specific character.
   * Most commonly used to break up a String along tab characters.
   * <P>
   * This operates differently than the others, where the
   * single delimeter is the only breaking point, and consecutive
   * delimeters will produce an empty string (""). This way,
   * one can split on tab characters, but maintain the column
   * alignments (of say an excel file) where there are empty columns.
   */
  static public String[] split(String what, char delim) {
    // do this so that the exception occurs inside the user's
    // program, rather than appearing to be a bug inside split()
    if (what == null) return null;
    //return split(what, String.valueOf(delim));  // huh

    char chars[] = what.toCharArray();
    int splitCount = 0; //1;
    for (int i = 0; i < chars.length; i++) {
      if (chars[i] == delim) splitCount++;
    }
    // make sure that there is something in the input string
    //if (chars.length > 0) {
      // if the last char is a delimeter, get rid of it..
      //if (chars[chars.length-1] == delim) splitCount--;
      // on second thought, i don't agree with this, will disable
    //}
    if (splitCount == 0) {
      String splits[] = new String[1];
      splits[0] = new String(what);
      return splits;
    }
    //int pieceCount = splitCount + 1;
    String splits[] = new String[splitCount + 1];
    int splitIndex = 0;
    int startIndex = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < chars.length; i++) {
      if (chars[i] == delim) {
        splits[splitIndex++] =
          new String(chars, startIndex, i-startIndex);
        startIndex = i + 1;
      }
    }
    //if (startIndex != chars.length) {
      splits[splitIndex] =
        new String(chars, startIndex, chars.length-startIndex);
    //}
    return splits;
  }



  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

  // CASTING FUNCTIONS, INSERTED BY PREPROC


  static final public boolean toBoolean(char what) {
    return ((what == 't') || (what == 'T') || (what == '1'));
  }

  static final public boolean toBoolean(int what) {  // this will cover byte
    return (what != 0);
  }

  static final public boolean toBoolean(float what) {
    return (what != 0);
  }

  static final public boolean toBoolean(String what) {
    return new Boolean(what).booleanValue();
  }

  //

  static final public boolean[] toBoolean(char what[]) {
    boolean outgoing[] = new boolean[what.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < what.length; i++) {
      outgoing[i] =
        ((what[i] == 't') || (what[i] == 'T') || (what[i] == '1'));
    }
    return outgoing;
  }

  static final public boolean[] toBoolean(byte what[]) {
    boolean outgoing[] = new boolean[what.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < what.length; i++) {
      outgoing[i] = (what[i] != 0);
    }
    return outgoing;
  }

  static final public boolean[] toBoolean(float what[]) {
    boolean outgoing[] = new boolean[what.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < what.length; i++) {
      outgoing[i] = (what[i] != 0);
    }
    return outgoing;
  }

  static final public boolean[] toBoolean(String what[]) {
    boolean outgoing[] = new boolean[what.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < what.length; i++) {
      outgoing[i] = new Boolean(what[i]).booleanValue();
    }
    return outgoing;
  }

  //

  static final public byte toByte(boolean what) {
    return what ? (byte)1 : 0;
  }

  static final public byte toByte(char what) {
    return (byte) what;
  }

  static final public byte toByte(int what) {
    return (byte) what;
  }

  static final public byte toByte(float what) {  // nonsensical
    return (byte) what;
  }

  static final public byte[] toByte(String what) {  // note: array[]
    return what.getBytes();
  }

  //

  static final public byte[] toByte(boolean what[]) {
    byte outgoing[] = new byte[what.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < what.length; i++) {
      outgoing[i] = what[i] ? (byte)1 : 0;
    }
    return outgoing;
  }

  static final public byte[] toByte(char what[]) {
    byte outgoing[] = new byte[what.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < what.length; i++) {
      outgoing[i] = (byte) what[i];
    }
    return outgoing;
  }

  static final public byte[] toByte(int what[]) {
    byte outgoing[] = new byte[what.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < what.length; i++) {
      outgoing[i] = (byte) what[i];
    }
    return outgoing;
  }

  static final public byte[] toByte(float what[]) {  // nonsensical
    byte outgoing[] = new byte[what.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < what.length; i++) {
      outgoing[i] = (byte) what[i];
    }
    return outgoing;
  }

  static final public byte[][] toByte(String what[]) {  // note: array[][]
    byte outgoing[][] = new byte[what.length][];
    for (int i = 0; i < what.length; i++) {
      outgoing[i] = what[i].getBytes();
    }
    return outgoing;
  }

  //

  static final public char toChar(boolean what) {  // 0/1 or T/F ?
    return what ? 't' : 'f';
  }

  static final public char toChar(byte what) {
    return (char) (what & 0xff);
  }

  static final public char toChar(int what) {
    return (char) what;
  }

  static final public char toChar(float what) {  // nonsensical
    return (char) what;
  }

  static final public char[] toChar(String what) {  // note: array[]
    return what.toCharArray();
  }

  //

  static final public char[] toChar(boolean what[]) {  // 0/1 or T/F ?
    char outgoing[] = new char[what.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < what.length; i++) {
      outgoing[i] = what[i] ? 't' : 'f';
    }
    return outgoing;
  }

  static final public char[] toChar(int what[]) {
    char outgoing[] = new char[what.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < what.length; i++) {
      outgoing[i] = (char) what[i];
    }
    return outgoing;
  }

  static final public char[] toChar(byte what[]) {
    char outgoing[] = new char[what.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < what.length; i++) {
      outgoing[i] = (char) (what[i] & 0xff);
    }
    return outgoing;
  }

  static final public char[] toChar(float what[]) {  // nonsensical
    char outgoing[] = new char[what.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < what.length; i++) {
      outgoing[i] = (char) what[i];
    }
    return outgoing;
  }

  static final public char[][] toChar(String what[]) {  // note: array[][]
    char outgoing[][] = new char[what.length][];
    for (int i = 0; i < what.length; i++) {
      outgoing[i] = what[i].toCharArray();
    }
    return outgoing;
  }

  //

  static final public int toInt(boolean what) {
    return what ? 1 : 0;
  }

  static final public int toInt(byte what) {  // note this unsigns
    return what & 0xff;
  }

  /**
   * Note that toInt('5') is unlike String in the sense that it
   * won't return 5, but the ascii value. This is because ((int) someChar)
   * returns the ascii value, and toInt() is just longhand for the cast.
   */
  static final public int toInt(char what) {
    return what;
  }

  static final public int toInt(float what) {
    return (int) what;
  }

  static final public int toInt(String what) {
    try {
      return Integer.parseInt(what);
    } catch (NumberFormatException e) { }
    return 0;
  }

  static final public int toInt(String what, int otherwise) {
    try {
      return Integer.parseInt(what);
    } catch (NumberFormatException e) { }

    return otherwise;
  }

  //

  static final public int[] toInt(boolean what[]) {
    int list[] = new int[what.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < what.length; i++) {
      list[i] = what[i] ? 1 : 0;
    }
    return list;
  }

  static final public int[] toInt(byte what[]) {  // note this unsigns
    int list[] = new int[what.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < what.length; i++) {
      list[i] = (what[i] & 0xff);
    }
    return list;
  }

  static final public int[] toInt(char what[]) {
    int list[] = new int[what.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < what.length; i++) {
      list[i] = what[i];
    }
    return list;
  }

  static public int[] toInt(float what[]) {
    int inties[] = new int[what.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < what.length; i++) {
      inties[i] = (int)what[i];
    }
    return inties;
  }

  /**
   * Make an array of int elements from an array of String objects.
   * If the String can't be parsed as a number, it will be set to zero.
   *
   * String s[] = { "1", "300", "44" };
   * int numbers[] = toInt(s);
   *
   * numbers will contain { 1, 300, 44 }
   */
  static public int[] toInt(String what[]) {
    return toInt(what, 0);
  }

  /**
   * Make an array of int elements from an array of String objects.
   * If the String can't be parsed as a number, its entry in the
   * array will be set to the value of the "missing" parameter.
   *
   * String s[] = { "1", "300", "apple", "44" };
   * int numbers[] = toInt(s, 9999);
   *
   * numbers will contain { 1, 300, 9999, 44 }
   */
  static public int[] toInt(String what[], int missing) {
    int output[] = new int[what.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < what.length; i++) {
      try {
        output[i] = Integer.parseInt(what[i]);
      } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
        output[i] = missing;
      }
    }
    return output;
  }

  //

  static final public float toFloat(boolean what) {
    return what ? 1 : 0;
  }

  static final public float toFloat(int what) {
    return (float)what;
  }

  static final public float toFloat(String what) {
    //return new Float(what).floatValue();
    return toFloat(what, Float.NaN);
  }

  static final public float toFloat(String what, float otherwise) {
    try {
      return new Float(what).floatValue();
    } catch (NumberFormatException e) { }

    return otherwise;
  }

  //

  static final public float[] toFloat(boolean what[]) {
    float floaties[] = new float[what.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < what.length; i++) {
      floaties[i] = what[i] ? 1 : 0;
    }
    return floaties;
  }

  static final public float[] toFloat(char what[]) {
    float floaties[] = new float[what.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < what.length; i++) {
      floaties[i] = (char) what[i];
    }
    return floaties;
  }

  static final public float[] toFloat(int what[]) {
    float floaties[] = new float[what.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < what.length; i++) {
      floaties[i] = what[i];
    }
    return floaties;
  }

  static final public float[] toFloat(String what[]) {
    return toFloat(what, 0);
  }

  static final public float[] toFloat(String what[], float missing) {
    float output[] = new float[what.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < what.length; i++) {
      try {
        output[i] = new Float(what[i]).floatValue();
      } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
        output[i] = missing;
      }
    }
    return output;
  }

  //

  static final public String str(boolean x) { return String.valueOf(x); }
  static final public String str(byte x)    { return String.valueOf(x); }
  static final public String str(char x)    { return String.valueOf(x); }
  static final public String str(short x)   { return String.valueOf(x); }
  static final public String str(int x)     { return String.valueOf(x); }
  static final public String str(float x)   { return String.valueOf(x); }
  static final public String str(long x)    { return String.valueOf(x); }
  static final public String str(double x)  { return String.valueOf(x); }

  //

  static final public String[] str(boolean x[]) {
    String s[] = new String[x.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < x.length; i++) s[i] = String.valueOf(x);
    return s;
  }

  static final public String[] str(byte x[]) {
    String s[] = new String[x.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < x.length; i++) s[i] = String.valueOf(x);
    return s;
  }

  static final public String[] str(char x[]) {
    String s[] = new String[x.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < x.length; i++) s[i] = String.valueOf(x);
    return s;
  }

  static final public String[] str(short x[]) {
    String s[] = new String[x.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < x.length; i++) s[i] = String.valueOf(x);
    return s;
  }

  static final public String[] str(int x[]) {
    String s[] = new String[x.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < x.length; i++) s[i] = String.valueOf(x);
    return s;
  }

  static final public String[] str(float x[]) {
    String s[] = new String[x.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < x.length; i++) s[i] = String.valueOf(x);
    return s;
  }

  static final public String[] str(long x[]) {
    String s[] = new String[x.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < x.length; i++) s[i] = String.valueOf(x);
    return s;
  }

  static final public String[] str(double x[]) {
    String s[] = new String[x.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < x.length; i++) s[i] = String.valueOf(x);
    return s;
  }



  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

  // INT NUMBER FORMATTING


  /**
   * Integer number formatter.
   */
  static private NumberFormat int_nf;
  static private int int_nf_digits;
  static private boolean int_nf_commas;


  static public String[] nf(int num[], int digits) {
    String formatted[] = new String[num.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < formatted.length; i++) {
      formatted[i] = nf(num[i], digits);
    }
    return formatted;
  }


  static public String nf(int num, int digits) {
    if ((int_nf != null) &&
        (int_nf_digits == digits) &&
        !int_nf_commas) {
      return int_nf.format(num);
    }

    int_nf = NumberFormat.getInstance();
    int_nf.setGroupingUsed(false); // no commas
    int_nf_commas = false;
    int_nf.setMinimumIntegerDigits(digits);
    int_nf_digits = digits;
    return int_nf.format(num);
  }


  static public String[] nfc(int num[]) {
    String formatted[] = new String[num.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < formatted.length; i++) {
      formatted[i] = nfc(num[i]);
    }
    return formatted;
  }


  static public String nfc(int num) {
    if ((int_nf != null) &&
        (int_nf_digits == 0) &&
        int_nf_commas) {
      return int_nf.format(num);
    }

    int_nf = NumberFormat.getInstance();
    int_nf.setGroupingUsed(true);
    int_nf_commas = true;
    int_nf.setMinimumIntegerDigits(0);
    int_nf_digits = 0;
    return int_nf.format(num);
  }


  /**
   * number format signed (or space)
   * Formats a number but leaves a blank space in the front
   * when it's positive so that it can be properly aligned with
   * numbers that have a negative sign in front of them.
   */
  static public String nfs(int num, int digits) {
    return (num < 0) ? nf(num, digits) : (' ' + nf(num, digits));
  }

  static public String[] nfs(int num[], int digits) {
    String formatted[] = new String[num.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < formatted.length; i++) {
      formatted[i] = nfs(num[i], digits);
    }
    return formatted;
  }

  //

  /**
   * number format positive (or plus)
   * Formats a number, always placing a - or + sign
   * in the front when it's negative or positive.
   */
  static public String nfp(int num, int digits) {
    return (num < 0) ? nf(num, digits) : ('+' + nf(num, digits));
  }

  static public String[] nfp(int num[], int digits) {
    String formatted[] = new String[num.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < formatted.length; i++) {
      formatted[i] = nfp(num[i], digits);
    }
    return formatted;
  }



  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

  // FLOAT NUMBER FORMATTING


  static private NumberFormat float_nf;
  static private int float_nf_left, float_nf_right;
  static private boolean float_nf_commas;


  static public String[] nf(float num[], int left, int right) {
    String formatted[] = new String[num.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < formatted.length; i++) {
      formatted[i] = nf(num[i], left, right);
    }
    return formatted;
  }


  static public String nf(float num, int left, int right) {
    if ((float_nf != null) &&
        (float_nf_left == left) &&
        (float_nf_right == right) &&
        !float_nf_commas) {
      return float_nf.format(num);
    }

    float_nf = NumberFormat.getInstance();
    float_nf.setGroupingUsed(false);
    float_nf_commas = false;

    if (left != 0) float_nf.setMinimumIntegerDigits(left);
    if (right != 0) {
      float_nf.setMinimumFractionDigits(right);
      float_nf.setMaximumFractionDigits(right);
    }
    float_nf_left = left;
    float_nf_right = right;
    return float_nf.format(num);
  }


  static public String[] nfc(float num[], int right) {
    String formatted[] = new String[num.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < formatted.length; i++) {
      formatted[i] = nfc(num[i], right);
    }
    return formatted;
  }


  static public String nfc(float num, int right) {
    if ((float_nf != null) &&
        (float_nf_left == 0) &&
        (float_nf_right == right) &&
        float_nf_commas) {
      return float_nf.format(num);
    }

    float_nf = NumberFormat.getInstance();
    float_nf.setGroupingUsed(true);
    float_nf_commas = true;

    if (right != 0) {
      float_nf.setMinimumFractionDigits(right);
      float_nf.setMaximumFractionDigits(right);
    }
    float_nf_left = 0;
    float_nf_right = right;
    return float_nf.format(num);
  }


  /**
   * Number formatter that takes into account whether the number
   * has a sign (positive, negative, etc) in front of it.
   */
  static public String[] nfs(float num[], int left, int right) {
    String formatted[] = new String[num.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < formatted.length; i++) {
      formatted[i] = nfs(num[i], left, right);
    }
    return formatted;
  }

  static public String nfs(float num, int left, int right) {
    return (num < 0) ? nf(num, left, right) :  (' ' + nf(num, left, right));
  }


  static public String[] nfp(float num[], int left, int right) {
    String formatted[] = new String[num.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < formatted.length; i++) {
      formatted[i] = nfp(num[i], left, right);
    }
    return formatted;
  }

  static public String nfp(float num, int left, int right) {
    return (num < 0) ? nf(num, left, right) :  ('+' + nf(num, left, right));
  }



  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

  // HEX/BINARY CONVERSION


  static final public String hex(byte what) {
    return hex(what, 2);
  }

  static final public String hex(char what) {
    return hex(what, 4);
  }

  static final public String hex(int what) {
    return hex(what, 8);
  }

  static final public String hex(int what, int digits) {
    String stuff = Integer.toHexString(what).toUpperCase();

    int length = stuff.length();
    if (length > digits) {
      return stuff.substring(length - digits);

    } else if (length < digits) {
      return "00000000".substring(8 - (digits-length)) + stuff;
    }
    return stuff;
  }

  static final public int unhex(String what) {
    // has to parse as a Long so that it'll work for numbers bigger than 2^31
    return (int) (Long.parseLong(what, 16));
  }

  //

  /**
   * Returns a String that contains the binary value of a byte.
   * The returned value will always have 8 digits.
   */
  static final public String binary(byte what) {
    return binary(what, 8);
  }

  /**
   * Returns a String that contains the binary value of a char.
   * The returned value will always have 16 digits because chars
   * are two bytes long.
   */
  static final public String binary(char what) {
    return binary(what, 16);
  }

  /**
   * Returns a String that contains the binary value of an int.
   * The length depends on the size of the number itself.
   * An int can be up to 32 binary digits, but that seems like
   * overkill for almost any situation, so this function just
   * auto-sizes. If you want a specific number of digits (like all 32)
   * use binary(int what, int digits) to specify how many digits.
   */
  static final public String binary(int what) {
    return Integer.toBinaryString(what);
    //return binary(what, 32);
  }

  /**
   * Returns a String that contains the binary value of an int.
   * The digits parameter determines how many digits will be used.
   */
  static final public String binary(int what, int digits) {
    String stuff = Integer.toBinaryString(what);

    int length = stuff.length();
    if (length > digits) {
      return stuff.substring(length - digits);

    } else if (length < digits) {
      int offset = 32 - (digits-length);
      return "00000000000000000000000000000000".substring(offset) + stuff;
    }
    return stuff;
  }


  /**
   * Unpack a binary String into an int.
   * i.e. unbinary("00001000") would return 8.
   */
  static final public int unbinary(String what) {
    return Integer.parseInt(what, 2);
  }



  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

  // COLOR FUNCTIONS

  // moved here so that they can work without
  // the graphics actually being instantiated (outside setup)


  public final int color(int gray) {
    if (g == null) {
      if (gray > 255) gray = 255; else if (gray < 0) gray = 0;
      return 0xff000000 | (gray << 16) | (gray << 8) | gray;
    }
    return g.color(gray);
  }


  public final int color(float fgray) {
    if (g == null) {
      int gray = (int) fgray;
      if (gray > 255) gray = 255; else if (gray < 0) gray = 0;
      return 0xff000000 | (gray << 16) | (gray << 8) | gray;
    }
    return g.color(fgray);
  }


  public final int color(int gray, int alpha) {
    if (g == null) {
      if (gray > 255) gray = 255; else if (gray < 0) gray = 0;
      if (alpha > 255) alpha = 255; else if (alpha < 0) alpha = 0;
      return (alpha << 24) | (gray << 16) | (gray << 8) | gray;
    }
    return g.color(gray, alpha);
  }


  public final int color(float fgray, float falpha) {
    if (g == null) {
      int gray = (int) fgray;
      int alpha = (int) falpha;
      if (gray > 255) gray = 255; else if (gray < 0) gray = 0;
      if (alpha > 255) alpha = 255; else if (alpha < 0) alpha = 0;
      return 0xff000000 | (gray << 16) | (gray << 8) | gray;
    }
    return g.color(fgray, falpha);
  }


  public final int color(int x, int y, int z) {
    if (g == null) {
      if (x > 255) x = 255; else if (x < 0) x = 0;
      if (y > 255) y = 255; else if (y < 0) y = 0;
      if (z > 255) z = 255; else if (z < 0) z = 0;

      return 0xff000000 | (x << 16) | (y << 8) | z;
    }
    return g.color(x, y, z);
  }


  public final int color(float x, float y, float z) {
    if (g == null) {
      if (x > 255) x = 255; else if (x < 0) x = 0;
      if (y > 255) y = 255; else if (y < 0) y = 0;
      if (z > 255) z = 255; else if (z < 0) z = 0;

      return 0xff000000 | ((int)x << 16) | ((int)y << 8) | (int)z;
    }
    return g.color(x, y, z);
  }


  public final int color(int x, int y, int z, int a) {
    if (g == null) {
      if (a > 255) a = 255; else if (a < 0) a = 0;
      if (x > 255) x = 255; else if (x < 0) x = 0;
      if (y > 255) y = 255; else if (y < 0) y = 0;
      if (z > 255) z = 255; else if (z < 0) z = 0;

      return (a << 24) | (x << 16) | (y << 8) | z;
    }
    return g.color(x, y, z, a);
  }


  public final int color(float x, float y, float z, float a) {
    if (g == null) {
      if (a > 255) a = 255; else if (a < 0) a = 0;
      if (x > 255) x = 255; else if (x < 0) x = 0;
      if (y > 255) y = 255; else if (y < 0) y = 0;
      if (z > 255) z = 255; else if (z < 0) z = 0;

      return ((int)a << 24) | ((int)x << 16) | ((int)y << 8) | (int)z;
    }
    return g.color(x, y, z, a);
  }



  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

  // MAIN


  private static class WorkerVar {
    private Thread thread;
    WorkerVar(Thread t) { thread = t; }
    synchronized Thread get() { return thread; }
    synchronized void clear() { thread = null; }
  }

  class Worker {
    private Object value;
    private WorkerVar workerVar;

    protected synchronized Object getValue() {
      return value;
    }

    private synchronized void setValue(Object x) {
      value = x;
    }

    public Object construct() {
      try {
        int anything = System.in.read();
        if (anything == EXTERNAL_STOP) {

          //System.out.println("got external stop");

          // adding this for 0073.. need to stop libraries
          // when the stop button is hit.
          PApplet.this.stop();
          finished = true;
          //} else {
          //print((char) anything);
        }
      } catch (IOException e) {
        finished = true;
      }
      try {
        Thread.sleep(250);
        //Thread.sleep(100);  // kick up latency for 0075?
      } catch (InterruptedException e) { }
      return null;
    }

    // removing this from SwingWorker
    //public void finished() { }

    public void interrupt() {
      Thread t = workerVar.get();
      if (t != null) {
        t.interrupt();
      }
      workerVar.clear();
    }

    public Object get() {
      while (true) {
        Thread t = workerVar.get();
        if (t == null) {
          return getValue();
        }
        try {
          t.join();
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
          Thread.currentThread().interrupt(); // propagate
          return null;
        }
      }
    }

    public Worker() {
      // removing this from SwingWorker
      //final Runnable doFinished = new Runnable() {
      //    public void run() { finished(); }
      //  };

      Runnable doConstruct = new Runnable() {
          public void run() {
            try {
              setValue(construct());

            } finally {
              workerVar.clear();
            }
            // removing this from SwingWorker to avoid swing
            //javax.swing.SwingUtilities.invokeLater(doFinished);
          }
        };

      Thread t = new Thread(doConstruct);
      workerVar = new WorkerVar(t);
    }

    public void start() {
      Thread t = workerVar.get();
      if (t != null) t.start();
    }
  }


  public void setupExternal(Frame parentFrame) {
    //externalRuntime = true;

    /*
    javax.swing.SwingUtilities.invokeLater(new Runnable() {
        public void run() {
          //while ((Thread.currentThread() == this) && !finished) {
          try {
            // is this what's causing all the trouble?
            int anything = System.in.read();
            if (anything == EXTERNAL_STOP) {
              //System.out.println("********** STOPPING");

              // adding this for 0073.. need to stop libraries
              // when the stop button is hit.
v              PApplet.this.stop();

              //System.out.println("********** REALLY");
              finished = true;
            }
          } catch (IOException e) {
            // not tested (needed?) but seems correct
            //stop();
            finished = true;
            //thread = null;
          }
          try {
            Thread.sleep(250);
            //Thread.sleep(100);  // kick up latency for 0075?
          } catch (InterruptedException e) { }
        }
      });
    */

    /*
    Thread ethread = new Thread() {  //new Runnable() {
        public void run() {
          // this fixes the "code folder hanging bug" (mostly)
          setPriority(Thread.MIN_PRIORITY);
    */
    final Worker worker = new Worker();
    //worker.start();

    /*
    final SwingWorker worker = new SwingWorker() {
        public Object construct() {
          //while ((Thread.currentThread() == this) && !finished) {
          try {
            // is this what's causing all the trouble?
            int anything = System.in.read();
            if (anything == EXTERNAL_STOP) {
              //System.out.println("********** STOPPING");

              // adding this for 0073.. need to stop libraries
              // when the stop button is hit.
              PApplet.this.stop();

              //System.out.println("********** REALLY");
              finished = true;
            }
          } catch (IOException e) {
            // not tested (needed?) but seems correct
            //stop();
            finished = true;
            //thread = null;
          }
          try {
            Thread.sleep(250);
            //Thread.sleep(100);  // kick up latency for 0075?
          } catch (InterruptedException e) { }
          return null;
        }
      };
    //ethread.start();
    */

    parentFrame.addComponentListener(new ComponentAdapter() {
        public void componentMoved(ComponentEvent e) {
          Point where = ((Frame) e.getSource()).getLocation();
          System.err.println(PApplet.EXTERNAL_MOVE + " " +
                             where.x + " " + where.y);
          System.err.flush();  // doesn't seem to help or hurt
        }
      });

    parentFrame.addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
        public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {
          System.err.println(PApplet.EXTERNAL_QUIT);
          System.err.flush();  // important
          System.exit(0);
        }
      });
  }


  /**
   * main() method for running this class from the command line.
   * <P>
   * The simplest way to turn and applet into an application is to
   * add the following code to your program:
   * <PRE>static public void main(String args[]) {
   *   PApplet.main(new String[] { "YourSketchName" };
   * }</PRE>
   * This will properly launch your applet from a double-clickable
   * .jar or from the command line.
   * <PRE>
   * Parameters useful for launching or also used by the PDE:
   *
   * --location=x,y        upper-lefthand corner of where the applet
   *                       should appear on screen. if not used,
   *                       the default is to center on the main screen.
   *
   * --present             put the applet into full screen presentation
   *                       mode. requires java 1.4.
   *
   * --present-color       background color of the presentation window
   *
   * --sketch-folder       location of where to save files from functions
   *                       like saveStrings() or saveFrame(). defaults to
   *                       the folder that the java application was
   *                       launched from, which means if this isn't set by
   *                       the pde, everything goes into the same folder
   *                       as processing.exe.
   *
   * --display=n           set what display should be used by this applet.
   *                       displays are numbered starting from 1.
   *
   *
   * Parameters used by Processing when running an applet externally:
   *
   * --external             set when the applet is being used by the PDE
   *
   * --editor-location=x,y  position of the upper-lefthand corner of the
   *                        editor window, for placement of applet window
   *
   * --present-stop-color   color of the 'stop' text used to quit an
   *                        applet when it's in present mode.
   * </PRE>
   */
  static public void main(String args[]) {
    if (args.length < 1) {
      System.err.println("Usage: PApplet <appletname>");
      System.err.println("For additional options, " +
                         "see the javadoc for PApplet");
      System.exit(1);
    }

    try {
      boolean external = false;
      int location[] = null;
      int editorLocation[] = null;
      String folder = System.getProperty("user.dir");
      String name = null;
      boolean present = false;
      Color presentColor = Color.BLACK;
      Color stopColor = Color.GRAY;
      //Object displayDevice = null;
      GraphicsDevice displayDevice = null;

      String param = null, value = null;

      int argIndex = 0;
      while (argIndex < args.length) {
        int equals = args[argIndex].indexOf('=');
        if (equals != -1) {
          param = args[argIndex].substring(0, equals);
          value = args[argIndex].substring(equals + 1);

          if (param.equals(ARGS_EDITOR_LOCATION)) {
            external = true;
            editorLocation = toInt(split(value, ','));

          } else if (param.equals(ARGS_DISPLAY)) {
            int deviceIndex = Integer.parseInt(value) - 1;

            //DisplayMode dm = device.getDisplayMode();
            //if ((dm.getWidth() == 1024) && (dm.getHeight() == 768)) {

            GraphicsEnvironment environment =
              GraphicsEnvironment.getLocalGraphicsEnvironment();
            GraphicsDevice devices[] = environment.getScreenDevices();
            if ((deviceIndex >= 0) && (deviceIndex < devices.length)) {
              displayDevice = devices[deviceIndex];
            } else {
              System.err.println("Display " + value + " does not exist, " +
                                 "using the default display instead.");
            }

          } else if (param.equals(ARGS_PRESENT_BGCOLOR)) {
            if (value.charAt(0) == '#') value = value.substring(1);
            presentColor = new Color(Integer.parseInt(value, 16));

          } else if (param.equals(ARGS_PRESENT_STOP_COLOR)) {
            if (value.charAt(0) == '#') value = value.substring(1);
            stopColor = new Color(Integer.parseInt(value, 16));

          } else if (param.equals(ARGS_SKETCH_FOLDER)) {
            folder = value;

          } else if (param.equals(ARGS_LOCATION)) {
            location = toInt(split(value, ','));
          }

        } else {
          if (args[argIndex].equals(ARGS_PRESENT)) {
            present = true;

          } else if (args[argIndex].equals(ARGS_EXTERNAL)) {
            external = true;

          } else {
            name = args[argIndex];
            break;
          }
        }
        argIndex++;
      }

      Frame frame = null; //new Frame();
      if (displayDevice != null) {
        //GraphicsConfiguration gc = displayDevice.getDefaultConfiguration();
        //frame = new Frame(gc);
        frame = new Frame(displayDevice.getDefaultConfiguration());
      } else {
        frame = new Frame();
      }

      Dimension screen =
        Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getScreenSize();

      frame.setResizable(false);  // remove the grow box
      //frame.pack();  // get insets. get more.
      Class c = Class.forName(name);
      PApplet applet = (PApplet) c.newInstance();

      // these are needed before init/start
      applet.frame = frame;
      applet.folder = folder;
      applet.args = PApplet.subset(args, 1);

      applet.init();

      // wait until the applet has figured out its width
      // hoping that this won't hang if the applet has an exception
      while ((applet.width == 0) && !applet.finished) {
        try {
          Thread.sleep(5);

        } catch (InterruptedException e) { }
      }

      if (present) {
        frame.setUndecorated(true);
        frame.setBackground(presentColor);
        displayDevice.setFullScreenWindow(frame);

        frame.add(applet);
        Dimension fullscreen = frame.getSize();
        applet.setBounds((fullscreen.width - applet.width) / 2,
                         (fullscreen.height - applet.height) / 2,
                         applet.width, applet.height);

        if (external) {
          Label label = new Label("stop");
          label.setForeground(stopColor);
          label.addMouseListener(new MouseAdapter() {
              public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e) {
                System.exit(0);
              }
            });
          frame.add(label);
          Dimension labelSize = label.getPreferredSize();
          // sometimes shows up truncated on mac
          labelSize = new Dimension(labelSize.width * 2, labelSize.height);
          label.setSize(labelSize);
          label.setLocation(20, fullscreen.height - labelSize.height - 20);
          applet.setupExternal(frame);
        }

      } else {  // if not presenting
        // can't do this earlier cuz present mode don't like it
        frame.pack();

        if (external) {
          Insets insets = frame.getInsets();  // does pack() first above

          int windowW =
            Math.max(applet.width, 120) + insets.left + insets.right;
          int windowH =
            Math.max(applet.height, 120) + insets.top + insets.bottom;
          frame.setSize(windowW, windowH);

          if (location != null) {
            // a specific location was received from PdeRuntime
            // (applet has been run more than once, user placed window)
            frame.setLocation(location[0], location[1]);

          } else {
            int locationX = editorLocation[0] - 20;
            int locationY = editorLocation[1];

            if (locationX - windowW > 10) {
              // if it fits to the left of the window
              frame.setLocation(locationX - windowW, locationY);

            } else {
              // if it fits inside the editor window,
              // offset slightly from upper lefthand corner
              // so that it's plunked inside the text area
              locationX = editorLocation[0] + 66;
              locationY = editorLocation[1] + 66;

              if ((locationX + windowW > screen.width - 33) ||
                  (locationY + windowH > screen.height - 33)) {
                // otherwise center on screen
                locationX = (screen.width - windowW) / 2;
                locationY = (screen.height - windowH) / 2;
              }
              frame.setLocation(locationX, locationY);
            }
          }

          frame.setLayout(null);
          frame.add(applet);
          frame.setBackground(SystemColor.control);
          int usableWindowH = windowH - insets.top - insets.bottom;
          applet.setBounds((windowW - applet.width)/2,
                           insets.top + (usableWindowH - applet.height)/2,
                           windowW, windowH);
          applet.setupExternal(frame);

        } else {  // !external
          frame.setLayout(new BorderLayout());
          frame.add(applet, BorderLayout.CENTER);
          //frame.pack();  // is this necessary?

          frame.setLocation((screen.width - applet.width) / 2,
                            (screen.height - applet.height) / 2);

          frame.addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
              public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {
                System.exit(0);
              }
            });
        }

        frame.show();
      }

      //System.out.println("showing frame");
      //System.out.println("applet requesting focus");
      applet.requestFocus(); // ask for keydowns
      //System.out.println("exiting main()");

    } catch (Exception e) {
      e.printStackTrace();
      System.exit(1);
    }
  }


  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////


  public void recordFrame(PGraphics recorder) {
    this.recorder = recorder;
    recorder.beginFrame();
  }


  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////


  public void loadPixels() {
    g.loadPixels();
    pixels = g.pixels;
  }


  //public void updatePixels() {
    // anything special here?
    //g.updatePixels();
  //}


  //public void updatePixels(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2) {
  //g.updatePixels(x1, y1, x2, y2);
  //}


  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

  // everything below this line is automatically generated. no touch.
  // public functions for processing.core


  public void imageMode(int mode) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.imageMode(mode);
    g.imageMode(mode);
  }


  public void smooth() {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.smooth();
    g.smooth();
  }


  public void noSmooth() {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.noSmooth();
    g.noSmooth();
  }


  public void updatePixels() {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.updatePixels();
    g.updatePixels();
  }


  public void updatePixels(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.updatePixels(x1, y1, x2, y2);
    g.updatePixels(x1, y1, x2, y2);
  }


  public int get(int x, int y) {
    return g.get(x, y);
  }


  public PImage get(int x, int y, int w, int h) {
    return g.get(x, y, w, h);
  }


  public PImage get() {
    return g.get();
  }


  public void set(int x, int y, int c) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.set(x, y, c);
    g.set(x, y, c);
  }


  public void set(int dx, int dy, PImage src) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.set(dx, dy, src);
    g.set(dx, dy, src);
  }


  public void mask(int alpha[]) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.mask(alpha);
    g.mask(alpha);
  }


  public void mask(PImage alpha) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.mask(alpha);
    g.mask(alpha);
  }


  public void filter(int kind) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.filter(kind);
    g.filter(kind);
  }


  public void filter(int kind, float param) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.filter(kind, param);
    g.filter(kind, param);
  }


  public void copy(int sx1, int sy1, int sx2, int sy2,
                   int dx1, int dy1, int dx2, int dy2) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.copy(sx1, sy1, sx2, sy2, dx1, dy1, dx2, dy2);
    g.copy(sx1, sy1, sx2, sy2, dx1, dy1, dx2, dy2);
  }


  public void copy(PImage src,
                   int sx1, int sy1, int sx2, int sy2,
                   int dx1, int dy1, int dx2, int dy2) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.copy(src, sx1, sy1, sx2, sy2, dx1, dy1, dx2, dy2);
    g.copy(src, sx1, sy1, sx2, sy2, dx1, dy1, dx2, dy2);
  }


  static public int blend(int c1, int c2, int mode) {
    return PGraphics.blend(c1, c2, mode);
  }


  public void blend(int sx, int sy, int dx, int dy, int mode) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.blend(sx, sy, dx, dy, mode);
    g.blend(sx, sy, dx, dy, mode);
  }


  public void blend(PImage src,
                    int sx, int sy, int dx, int dy, int mode) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.blend(src, sx, sy, dx, dy, mode);
    g.blend(src, sx, sy, dx, dy, mode);
  }


  public void blend(int sx1, int sy1, int sx2, int sy2,
                    int dx1, int dy1, int dx2, int dy2, int mode) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.blend(sx1, sy1, sx2, sy2, dx1, dy1, dx2, dy2, mode);
    g.blend(sx1, sy1, sx2, sy2, dx1, dy1, dx2, dy2, mode);
  }


  public void blend(PImage src,
                    int sx1, int sy1, int sx2, int sy2,
                    int dx1, int dy1, int dx2, int dy2, int mode) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.blend(src, sx1, sy1, sx2, sy2, dx1, dy1, dx2, dy2, mode);
    g.blend(src, sx1, sy1, sx2, sy2, dx1, dy1, dx2, dy2, mode);
  }


  static public boolean saveHeaderTIFF(OutputStream output,
                                      int width, int height) {
    return PGraphics.saveHeaderTIFF(output, width, height);
  }


  static public boolean saveTIFF(OutputStream output, int pixels[],
                                 int width, int height) {
    return PGraphics.saveTIFF(output, pixels, width, height);
  }


  static public boolean saveHeaderTGA(OutputStream output,
                                      int width, int height) {
    return PGraphics.saveHeaderTGA(output, width, height);
  }


  static public boolean saveTGA(OutputStream output, int pixels[],
                                int width, int height) {
    return PGraphics.saveTGA(output, pixels, width, height);
  }


  public void requestDisplay(PApplet parent) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.requestDisplay(parent);
    g.requestDisplay(parent);
  }


  public void hint(int which) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.hint(which);
    g.hint(which);
  }


  public void unhint(int which) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.unhint(which);
    g.unhint(which);
  }


  public void beginShape() {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.beginShape();
    g.beginShape();
  }


  public void beginShape(int kind) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.beginShape(kind);
    g.beginShape(kind);
  }


  public void normal(float nx, float ny, float nz) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.normal(nx, ny, nz);
    g.normal(nx, ny, nz);
  }


  public void textureMode(int mode) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.textureMode(mode);
    g.textureMode(mode);
  }


  public void texture(PImage image) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.texture(image);
    g.texture(image);
  }


  public void vertex(float x, float y) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.vertex(x, y);
    g.vertex(x, y);
  }


  public void vertex(float x, float y, float z) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.vertex(x, y, z);
    g.vertex(x, y, z);
  }


  public void vertex(float x, float y, float u, float v) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.vertex(x, y, u, v);
    g.vertex(x, y, u, v);
  }


  public void vertex(float x, float y, float z, float u, float v) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.vertex(x, y, z, u, v);
    g.vertex(x, y, z, u, v);
  }


  public void bezierVertex(float x1, float y1,
                           float x2, float y2,
                           float x3, float y3) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.bezierVertex(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3);
    g.bezierVertex(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3);
  }


  public void bezierVertex(float x1, float y1, float z1,
                           float x2, float y2, float z2,
                           float x3, float y3, float z3) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.bezierVertex(x1, y1, z1, x2, y2, z2, x3, y3, z3);
    g.bezierVertex(x1, y1, z1, x2, y2, z2, x3, y3, z3);
  }


  public void curveVertex(float x, float y) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.curveVertex(x, y);
    g.curveVertex(x, y);
  }


  public void curveVertex(float x, float y, float z) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.curveVertex(x, y, z);
    g.curveVertex(x, y, z);
  }


  public void endShape() {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.endShape();
    g.endShape();
  }


  public void point(float x, float y) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.point(x, y);
    g.point(x, y);
  }


  public void point(float x, float y, float z) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.point(x, y, z);
    g.point(x, y, z);
  }


  public void line(float x1, float y1, float x2, float y2) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.line(x1, y1, x2, y2);
    g.line(x1, y1, x2, y2);
  }


  public void line(float x1, float y1, float z1,
                   float x2, float y2, float z2) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.line(x1, y1, z1, x2, y2, z2);
    g.line(x1, y1, z1, x2, y2, z2);
  }


  public void triangle(float x1, float y1, float x2, float y2,
                       float x3, float y3) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.triangle(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3);
    g.triangle(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3);
  }


  public void quad(float x1, float y1, float x2, float y2,
                   float x3, float y3, float x4, float y4) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.quad(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3, x4, y4);
    g.quad(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3, x4, y4);
  }


  public void rectMode(int mode) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.rectMode(mode);
    g.rectMode(mode);
  }


  public void rect(float x1, float y1, float x2, float y2) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.rect(x1, y1, x2, y2);
    g.rect(x1, y1, x2, y2);
  }


  public void ellipseMode(int mode) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.ellipseMode(mode);
    g.ellipseMode(mode);
  }


  public void ellipse(float a, float b, float c, float d) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.ellipse(a, b, c, d);
    g.ellipse(a, b, c, d);
  }


  public void arc(float a, float b, float c, float d,
                  float start, float stop) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.arc(a, b, c, d, start, stop);
    g.arc(a, b, c, d, start, stop);
  }


  public void box(float size) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.box(size);
    g.box(size);
  }


  public void box(float w, float h, float d) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.box(w, h, d);
    g.box(w, h, d);
  }


  public void sphereDetail(int res) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.sphereDetail(res);
    g.sphereDetail(res);
  }


  public void sphere(float r) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.sphere(r);
    g.sphere(r);
  }


  public float bezierPoint(float a, float b, float c, float d, float t) {
    return g.bezierPoint(a, b, c, d, t);
  }


  public float bezierTangent(float a, float b, float c, float d, float t) {
    return g.bezierTangent(a, b, c, d, t);
  }


  public void bezier(float x1, float y1,
                     float x2, float y2,
                     float x3, float y3,
                     float x4, float y4) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.bezier(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3, x4, y4);
    g.bezier(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3, x4, y4);
  }


  public void bezier(float x1, float y1, float z1,
                     float x2, float y2, float z2,
                     float x3, float y3, float z3,
                     float x4, float y4, float z4) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.bezier(x1, y1, z1, x2, y2, z2, x3, y3, z3, x4, y4, z4);
    g.bezier(x1, y1, z1, x2, y2, z2, x3, y3, z3, x4, y4, z4);
  }


  public void bezierDetail(int detail) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.bezierDetail(detail);
    g.bezierDetail(detail);
  }


  public void curveDetail(int detail) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.curveDetail(detail);
    g.curveDetail(detail);
  }


  public void curveTightness(float tightness) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.curveTightness(tightness);
    g.curveTightness(tightness);
  }


  public float curvePoint(float a, float b, float c, float d, float t) {
    return g.curvePoint(a, b, c, d, t);
  }


  public float curveTangent(float a, float b, float c, float d,
                            float t) {
    return g.curveTangent(a, b, c, d, t);
  }


  public void curve(float x1, float y1,
                    float x2, float y2,
                    float x3, float y3,
                    float x4, float y4) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.curve(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3, x4, y4);
    g.curve(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3, x4, y4);
  }


  public void curve(float x1, float y1, float z1,
                    float x2, float y2, float z2,
                    float x3, float y3, float z3,
                    float x4, float y4, float z4) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.curve(x1, y1, z1, x2, y2, z2, x3, y3, z3, x4, y4, z4);
    g.curve(x1, y1, z1, x2, y2, z2, x3, y3, z3, x4, y4, z4);
  }


  public void image(PImage image, float x, float y) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.image(image, x, y);
    g.image(image, x, y);
  }


  public void image(PImage image,
                    float x, float y, float c, float d) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.image(image, x, y, c, d);
    g.image(image, x, y, c, d);
  }


  public void image(PImage image,
                    float a, float b, float c, float d,
                    int u1, int v1, int u2, int v2) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.image(image, a, b, c, d, u1, v1, u2, v2);
    g.image(image, a, b, c, d, u1, v1, u2, v2);
  }


  public void textFont(PFont which, float size) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.textFont(which, size);
    g.textFont(which, size);
  }


  public void textFont(PFont which) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.textFont(which);
    g.textFont(which);
  }


  public void textSize(float size) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.textSize(size);
    g.textSize(size);
  }


  public void textLeading(float leading) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.textLeading(leading);
    g.textLeading(leading);
  }


  public void textAlign(int align) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.textAlign(align);
    g.textAlign(align);
  }


  public void textMode(int space) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.textMode(space);
    g.textMode(space);
  }


  public float textAscent() {
    return g.textAscent();
  }


  public float textDescent() {
    return g.textDescent();
  }


  public float textWidth(char c) {
    return g.textWidth(c);
  }


  public float textWidth(String s) {
    return g.textWidth(s);
  }


  public void text(char c, float x, float y) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.text(c, x, y);
    g.text(c, x, y);
  }


  public void text(char c, float x, float y, float z) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.text(c, x, y, z);
    g.text(c, x, y, z);
  }


  public void text(String s, float x, float y) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.text(s, x, y);
    g.text(s, x, y);
  }


  public void text(String s, float x, float y, float z) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.text(s, x, y, z);
    g.text(s, x, y, z);
  }


  public void text(String s, float x1, float y1, float x2, float y2) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.text(s, x1, y1, x2, y2);
    g.text(s, x1, y1, x2, y2);
  }


  public void text(String s, float x1, float y1, float x2, float y2, float z) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.text(s, x1, y1, x2, y2, z);
    g.text(s, x1, y1, x2, y2, z);
  }


  public void text(int num, float x, float y) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.text(num, x, y);
    g.text(num, x, y);
  }


  public void text(int num, float x, float y, float z) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.text(num, x, y, z);
    g.text(num, x, y, z);
  }


  public void text(float num, float x, float y) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.text(num, x, y);
    g.text(num, x, y);
  }


  public void text(float num, float x, float y, float z) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.text(num, x, y, z);
    g.text(num, x, y, z);
  }


  public void translate(float tx, float ty) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.translate(tx, ty);
    g.translate(tx, ty);
  }


  public void translate(float tx, float ty, float tz) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.translate(tx, ty, tz);
    g.translate(tx, ty, tz);
  }


  public void rotate(float angle) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.rotate(angle);
    g.rotate(angle);
  }


  public void rotateX(float angle) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.rotateX(angle);
    g.rotateX(angle);
  }


  public void rotateY(float angle) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.rotateY(angle);
    g.rotateY(angle);
  }


  public void rotateZ(float angle) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.rotateZ(angle);
    g.rotateZ(angle);
  }


  public void rotate(float angle, float vx, float vy, float vz) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.rotate(angle, vx, vy, vz);
    g.rotate(angle, vx, vy, vz);
  }


  public void scale(float s) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.scale(s);
    g.scale(s);
  }


  public void scale(float sx, float sy) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.scale(sx, sy);
    g.scale(sx, sy);
  }


  public void scale(float x, float y, float z) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.scale(x, y, z);
    g.scale(x, y, z);
  }


  public void pushMatrix() {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.pushMatrix();
    g.pushMatrix();
  }


  public void popMatrix() {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.popMatrix();
    g.popMatrix();
  }


  public void resetMatrix() {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.resetMatrix();
    g.resetMatrix();
  }


  public void applyMatrix(float n00, float n01, float n02,
                          float n10, float n11, float n12) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.applyMatrix(n00, n01, n02, n10, n11, n12);
    g.applyMatrix(n00, n01, n02, n10, n11, n12);
  }


  public void applyMatrix(float n00, float n01, float n02, float n03,
                          float n10, float n11, float n12, float n13,
                          float n20, float n21, float n22, float n23,
                          float n30, float n31, float n32, float n33) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.applyMatrix(n00, n01, n02, n03, n10, n11, n12, n13, n20, n21, n22, n23, n30, n31, n32, n33);
    g.applyMatrix(n00, n01, n02, n03, n10, n11, n12, n13, n20, n21, n22, n23, n30, n31, n32, n33);
  }


  public void printMatrix() {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.printMatrix();
    g.printMatrix();
  }


  public void cameraMode(int mode) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.cameraMode(mode);
    g.cameraMode(mode);
  }


  public void beginCamera() {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.beginCamera();
    g.beginCamera();
  }


  public void endCamera() {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.endCamera();
    g.endCamera();
  }


  public void ortho() {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.ortho();
    g.ortho();
  }


  public void ortho(float left, float right,
                    float bottom, float top,
                    float near, float far) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.ortho(left, right, bottom, top, near, far);
    g.ortho(left, right, bottom, top, near, far);
  }


  public void perspective() {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.perspective();
    g.perspective();
  }


  public void perspective(float fovy, float aspect, float zNear, float zFar) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.perspective(fovy, aspect, zNear, zFar);
    g.perspective(fovy, aspect, zNear, zFar);
  }


  public void frustum(float left, float right, float bottom,
                      float top, float znear, float zfar) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.frustum(left, right, bottom, top, znear, zfar);
    g.frustum(left, right, bottom, top, znear, zfar);
  }


  public void lookat(float eyeX, float eyeY, float eyeZ,
                     float centerX, float centerY, float centerZ,
                     float upX, float upY, float upZ) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.lookat(eyeX, eyeY, eyeZ, centerX, centerY, centerZ, upX, upY, upZ);
    g.lookat(eyeX, eyeY, eyeZ, centerX, centerY, centerZ, upX, upY, upZ);
  }


  public void printCamera() {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.printCamera();
    g.printCamera();
  }


  public void printProjection() {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.printProjection();
    g.printProjection();
  }


  public float screenX(float x, float y) {
    return g.screenX(x, y);
  }


  public float screenY(float x, float y) {
    return g.screenY(x, y);
  }


  public float screenX(float x, float y, float z) {
    return g.screenX(x, y, z);
  }


  public float screenY(float x, float y, float z) {
    return g.screenY(x, y, z);
  }


  public float screenZ(float x, float y, float z) {
    return g.screenZ(x, y, z);
  }


  public float modelX(float x, float y, float z) {
    return g.modelX(x, y, z);
  }


  public float modelY(float x, float y, float z) {
    return g.modelY(x, y, z);
  }


  public float modelZ(float x, float y, float z) {
    return g.modelZ(x, y, z);
  }


  public void colorMode(int mode) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.colorMode(mode);
    g.colorMode(mode);
  }


  public void colorMode(int mode, float max) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.colorMode(mode, max);
    g.colorMode(mode, max);
  }


  public void colorMode(int mode,
                        float maxX, float maxY, float maxZ) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.colorMode(mode, maxX, maxY, maxZ);
    g.colorMode(mode, maxX, maxY, maxZ);
  }


  public void colorMode(int mode,
                        float maxX, float maxY, float maxZ, float maxA) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.colorMode(mode, maxX, maxY, maxZ, maxA);
    g.colorMode(mode, maxX, maxY, maxZ, maxA);
  }


  public void noTint() {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.noTint();
    g.noTint();
  }


  public void tint(int rgb) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.tint(rgb);
    g.tint(rgb);
  }


  public void tint(float gray) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.tint(gray);
    g.tint(gray);
  }


  public void tint(float gray, float alpha) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.tint(gray, alpha);
    g.tint(gray, alpha);
  }


  public void tint(float x, float y, float z) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.tint(x, y, z);
    g.tint(x, y, z);
  }


  public void tint(float x, float y, float z, float a) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.tint(x, y, z, a);
    g.tint(x, y, z, a);
  }


  public void noFill() {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.noFill();
    g.noFill();
  }


  public void fill(int rgb) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.fill(rgb);
    g.fill(rgb);
  }


  public void fill(float gray) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.fill(gray);
    g.fill(gray);
  }


  public void fill(float gray, float alpha) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.fill(gray, alpha);
    g.fill(gray, alpha);
  }


  public void fill(float x, float y, float z) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.fill(x, y, z);
    g.fill(x, y, z);
  }


  public void fill(float x, float y, float z, float a) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.fill(x, y, z, a);
    g.fill(x, y, z, a);
  }


  public void ambient(int rgb) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.ambient(rgb);
    g.ambient(rgb);
  }


  public void ambient(float gray) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.ambient(gray);
    g.ambient(gray);
  }


  public void ambient(float x, float y, float z) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.ambient(x, y, z);
    g.ambient(x, y, z);
  }


  public void specular(int rgb) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.specular(rgb);
    g.specular(rgb);
  }


  public void specular(float gray) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.specular(gray);
    g.specular(gray);
  }


  public void specular(float gray, float alpha) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.specular(gray, alpha);
    g.specular(gray, alpha);
  }


  public void specular(float x, float y, float z) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.specular(x, y, z);
    g.specular(x, y, z);
  }


  public void specular(float x, float y, float z, float a) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.specular(x, y, z, a);
    g.specular(x, y, z, a);
  }


  public void shininess(float shine) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.shininess(shine);
    g.shininess(shine);
  }


  public void emissive(int rgb) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.emissive(rgb);
    g.emissive(rgb);
  }


  public void emissive(float gray) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.emissive(gray);
    g.emissive(gray);
  }


  public void emissive(float x, float y, float z ) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.emissive(x, y, z);
    g.emissive(x, y, z);
  }


  public void lights() {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.lights();
    g.lights();
  }


  public void ambientLight(float red, float green, float blue) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.ambientLight(red, green, blue);
    g.ambientLight(red, green, blue);
  }


  public void ambientLight(float red, float green, float blue, float x, float y, float z) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.ambientLight(red, green, blue, x, y, z);
    g.ambientLight(red, green, blue, x, y, z);
  }


  public void directionalLight(float red, float green, float blue,
                               float nx, float ny, float nz) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.directionalLight(red, green, blue, nx, ny, nz);
    g.directionalLight(red, green, blue, nx, ny, nz);
  }


  public void pointLight(float red, float green, float blue,
                         float x, float y, float z) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.pointLight(red, green, blue, x, y, z);
    g.pointLight(red, green, blue, x, y, z);
  }


  public void spotLight(float red, float green, float blue,
                        float x, float y, float z,
                        float nx, float ny, float nz,
                        float angle, float concentration) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.spotLight(red, green, blue, x, y, z, nx, ny, nz, angle, concentration);
    g.spotLight(red, green, blue, x, y, z, nx, ny, nz, angle, concentration);
  }


  public void lightFalloff(float constant, float linear, float quadratic) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.lightFalloff(constant, linear, quadratic);
    g.lightFalloff(constant, linear, quadratic);
  }


  public void lightSpecular(float x, float y, float z) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.lightSpecular(x, y, z);
    g.lightSpecular(x, y, z);
  }


  public void strokeWeight(float weight) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.strokeWeight(weight);
    g.strokeWeight(weight);
  }


  public void strokeJoin(int join) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.strokeJoin(join);
    g.strokeJoin(join);
  }


  public void strokeCap(int cap) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.strokeCap(cap);
    g.strokeCap(cap);
  }


  public void noStroke() {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.noStroke();
    g.noStroke();
  }


  public void stroke(int rgb) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.stroke(rgb);
    g.stroke(rgb);
  }


  public void stroke(float gray) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.stroke(gray);
    g.stroke(gray);
  }


  public void stroke(float gray, float alpha) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.stroke(gray, alpha);
    g.stroke(gray, alpha);
  }


  public void stroke(float x, float y, float z) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.stroke(x, y, z);
    g.stroke(x, y, z);
  }


  public void stroke(float x, float y, float z, float a) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.stroke(x, y, z, a);
    g.stroke(x, y, z, a);
  }


  public void background(int rgb) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.background(rgb);
    g.background(rgb);
  }


  public void background(float gray) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.background(gray);
    g.background(gray);
  }


  public void background(float x, float y, float z) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.background(x, y, z);
    g.background(x, y, z);
  }


  public void background(PImage image) {
    if (recorder != null) recorder.background(image);
    g.background(image);
  }


  public final float alpha(int what) {
    return g.alpha(what);
  }


  public final float red(int what) {
    return g.red(what);
  }


  public final float green(int what) {
    return g.green(what);
  }


  public final float blue(int what) {
    return g.blue(what);
  }


  public final float hue(int what) {
    return g.hue(what);
  }


  public final float saturation(int what) {
    return g.saturation(what);
  }


  public final float brightness(int what) {
    return g.brightness(what);
  }
}